Yoma 78a

מְפַכִּין עֲתִידִין לִהְיוֹת יוֹצְאִין מִתַּחַת מִפְתַּן הַבַּיִת. מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ הָיָה מִתְגַּבֵּר וְעוֹלֶה עַד שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לְפֶתַח בֵּית דָּוִד, כֵּיוָן שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לְפֶתַח בֵּית דָּוִד נַעֲשֶׂה כְּנַחַל שׁוֹטֵף שֶׁבּוֹ רוֹחֲצִין זָבִין וְזָבוֹת נִדּוֹת וְיוֹלְדוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִהְיֶה מָקוֹר נִפְתָּח לְבֵית דָּוִד וּלְיוֹשְׁבֵי יְרוּשָׁלִָם לְחַטַּאת וּלְנִדָּה״.

in the future, will bubble from under the threshold of the Temple. From this point forward, the spring will grow in strength and rise until it reaches the opening of David’s house, i.e., his grave, which is outside of Jerusalem. When it reaches the opening of David’s house, it will become a flowing river in which zavim and zavot , menstruating women, and women after childbirth will bathe to purify themselves. As it is stated: “On that day there shall be a fountain opened for the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for purification and for sprinkling” (Zechariah 13:1).

אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: מִכָּאן רֶמֶז לְנִדָּה שֶׁצְּרִיכָה לֵישֵׁב עַד צַוָּארָהּ בַּמַּיִם. וְלֵית הִילְכְתָא כְּווֹתֵיהּ.

Rav Yosef said: From here, there is an allusion that a menstruating woman must be able to sit up to her neck in water, i.e., that this is the appropriate depth for waters of a ritual bath to purify. The Gemara comments: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion. Rather, the depth of the water is irrelevant. As long as the water can cover an entire adult body, the ritual bath is kosher.

(תִּינַח יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים דְּלֵיכָּא מִנְעָל,) שַׁבָּת דְּאִיכָּא מִנְעָל, מַאי? אֲמַר נְחֶמְיָה חַתְנֵיהּ דְּבֵי נְשִׂיאָה: אֲנָא חֲזֵיתֵיהּ לְרַבִּי אַמֵּי וְרַבִּי אַסִּי דִּמְטוֹ עוּרְקוּמָא דְמַיָּא, וְעַבְרוּהּ דֶּרֶךְ מַלְבּוּשׁ.

§ The Gemara investigates the permissibility of crossing water in order to fulfill a mitzva: It works out well that on Yom Kippur it is permitted because there are no shoes, and there is no problem going through water barefoot. However, on Shabbat, when there are shoes, what is the halakha ? Is one permitted to cross water wearing shoes? Is there a concern that his shoe might come off and he may pick it up, thereby violating the prohibition of carrying out? Neḥemya, the son-in-law of the Nasi , said: I saw Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi come to a pool of water that they had to cross on Shabbat, and they crossed it while wearing their shoes without removing them first.

תִּינַח מִנְעָל, סַנְדָּל מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? אָמַר רַב רִיחוּמִי: אֲנָא חֲזֵיתֵיהּ לְרָבִינָא דְּעָבַר דֶּרֶךְ מַלְבּוּשׁ. רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: סַנְדָּל לְכַתְּחִלָּה לָא.

The Gemara asks: It works out well that shoes are permitted, since one can tie them tightly, but what is there to say about sandals? Since they do not fit tightly on the foot, they might come off in the water. Rav Riḥumi said: I saw Ravina cross a river while wearing sandals on his feet. Rav Ashi said: If he is wearing sandals, he should not cross the water ab initio , lest the sandal fall off his foot and he violate the prohibition of carrying on Shabbat by picking it up.

רֵישׁ גָּלוּתָא אִיקְּלַע לְהַגְרוֹנְיָא לְבֵי רַב נָתָן, רַפְרָם וְכוּלְּהוּ רַבָּנַן אֲתוֹ לְפִירְקָא, רָבִינָא לָא אֲתָא. לִמְחַר, בָּעֵי רַפְרָם לְאַפּוֹקֵי לְרָבִינָא מִדַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרֵישׁ גָּלוּתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאי טַעְמָא לָא אֲתָא מָר לְפִירְקָא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הֲוָה כָּאֵיב לִי כַּרְעַאי. אִיבְּעִי לָךְ לְמֵיסַם מְסָאנֵי. גַּבָּא דְכַרְעָא הֲוָה.

Incidental to this, the Gemara reports: The Exilarch came to deliver a lecture in Rav Natan’s study hall in Hagronya. Rafram and all the Sages came to the lecture, but Ravina did not come. The next day, when he came, Rafram wanted to remove any anger towards Ravina from the mind of the Exilarch, for missing the lecture. Rafram therefore asked Ravina: What is the reason that the Master did not come to the lecture? He said to him: My foot hurt. He said to him: You should have put shoes on. Ravina answered him: It was the back of the foot that hurt, so wearing shoes would have been hard for me.

אִיבְּעִי לָךְ לְמִרְמֵא סַנְדָּלָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עוּרְקְמָא דְמַיָּא הֲוָה בְּאוֹרְחָא. אִיבְּעִי לָךְ לְמֶעְבְּרֵיהּ דֶּרֶךְ מַלְבּוּשׁ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא סָבַר לַהּ מָר לְהָא דְּאָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: סַנְדָּל לְכַתְּחִלָּה לָא?!

Rafram said to Ravina: You should have worn sandals, which leave the heel exposed. He said to him: There was a pool of water on the way that I would have had to cross. He said to him: You should have crossed it wearing the sandals. He said to him: Does the Master not hold with that which Rav Ashi said: One should not wear sandals when crossing a river on Shabbat, ab initio ? From this conversation, the Exilarch understood that Ravina meant no disrespect in not attending the lecture.

תָּנֵי יְהוּדָה בַּר גְּרוֹגְרוֹת: אָסוּר לֵישֵׁב עַל גַּבֵּי טִינָא בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: וּבְטִינָא מְטַפַּחַת. אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: וּבְטוֹפֵחַ עַל מְנָת לְהַטְפִּיחַ. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: מוּתָּר לְהִצְטַנֵּן בְּפֵירוֹת. רַב יְהוּדָה מִצְטַנֵּן בְּקָרָא.

§ The Gemara continues to discuss the laws of Yom Kippur: Yehuda bar Gerogarot taught: It is prohibited to sit on damp clay on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This prohibition applies only when the clay is dripping wet, when one feels its wetness when touching it. Abaye said in clarification: It must be dripping wet enough to make something else wet. Rav Yehuda said: One is permitted to cool off with fruit on Yom Kippur, and it is not considered bathing. Similarly, when Rav Yehuda suffered from the heat on Yom Kippur he cooled off by putting a squash on himself.

רַבָּה מִצְטַנֵּן בְּיָנוֹקָא, רָבָא מִצְטַנֵּן בְּכָסָא דְכַסְפָּא. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: כָּסָא דְכַסְפָּא, מָלֵא — אָסוּר, חָסֵר — שְׁרֵי. דְּפַחְרָא — אִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי אָסוּר, מִשּׁוּם דְּמִישְׁחָל שָׁחֵיל. רַב אָמַר: כָּסָא דְכַסְפָּא, חָסֵר — נָמֵי אָסוּר, מִשּׁוּם דְּמִזְדָרֵיב.

Rabba cooled off by placing a baby [ yanuka ] next to him, because a baby’s body is cold. Rava cooled off with a silver cup. Rav Pappa said: If the silver cup is full, it is prohibited; however, if it is not full, it is permitted. With regard to a ceramic cup, both this and that are prohibited, since the water seeps through the cup, causing a violation of the prohibition of bathing. Rav Ashi said: A silver cup that is not full is also prohibited because it can slip [ mizderiv ] from his hand and spill.

זְעֵירָא בַּר חָמָא אוּשְׁפִּיזְכָנֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אַמֵּי וְרַבִּי אַסִּי וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי וּדְכוּלְּהוּ רַבָּנַן דְּקֵיסָרִי הֲוָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְרַב יוֹסֵף בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: בַּר אַרְיָא! תָּא אֵימָא לָךְ מִילְּתָא מְעַלַּיְתָא דַּהֲוָה עָבֵיד אֲבוּךְ: מִטְפַּחַת הָיָה לוֹ בְּעֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, וְשׁוֹרֶה אוֹתָהּ בְּמַיִם, וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ כְּמִין כֵּלִים נְגוּבִין, וּלְמָחָר מְקַנֵּחַ בָּהּ פָּנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו. עֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב, שׁוֹרֶה אוֹתָהּ בְּמַיִם, וּלְמָחָר מַעֲבִירָהּ עַל גַּבֵּי עֵינָיו.

Ze’eira bar Ḥama, the host of the home where Rabbi Ami, and Rabbi Asi, and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and all the Sages of Caesarea stayed, said to Rav Yosef, son of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: Son of a lion, come, I will tell you about a wonderful custom that your father used to perform. He had a cloth that he would prepare on the day before Yom Kippur by soaking it in water and wringing it out, making it almost like a dried cloth. And the next day he wiped his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before the Ninth of Av, on which the prohibition of bathing is by rabbinic law and not Torah law, he would soak the cloth in water and the next day pass it over his eyes.

וְכֵן כִּי אֲתָא רַבָּה בַּר מָרִי, אָמַר: בְּעֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב מְבִיאִין לוֹ מִטְפַּחַת וְשׁוֹרֶה אוֹתָהּ בְּמַיִם וּמַנִּיחָהּ תַּחַת מְרַאֲשׁוֹתָיו, וּלְמָחָר, מְקַנֵּחַ פָּנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו. בְּעֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְבִיאִין לוֹ מִטְפַּחַת וְשׁוֹרֶה אוֹתָהּ בְּמַיִם, וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ כְּמִין כֵּלִים נְגוּבִין, וּלְמָחָר מַעֲבִירָהּ עַל גַּבֵּי עֵינָיו. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב לְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בַּר תַּחְלִיפָא: אִיפְּכָא אֲמַרְתְּ לַן, וְאוֹתֵיבְנָךְ סְחִיטָה.

Similarly, when Rabba bar Mari came from Eretz Yisrael he said: The day before the Ninth of Av they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and place it under his head. The next day, when only some moisture remains, he may wipe his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before Yom Kippur, they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and wring it out to make it like a dried cloth. The next day, he may pass it over his eyes. Rabbi Ya’akov said to Rabbi Yirmeya bar Taḥlifa: You told us the opposite. What you told us about Yom Kippur was really what he did on the Ninth of Av, and we objected to you with regard to the prohibition of wringing, since Yom Kippur has the same prohibition of wringing that Shabbat has.

אָמַר רַב מְנַשְּׁיָא בַּר תַּחְלִיפָא אָמַר רַב עַמְרָם אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה: שָׁאֲלוּ אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: זָקֵן וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּישִׁיבָה, צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת לְהַתִּיר בְּכוֹרוֹת, אוֹ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ?

§ Rav Menashya bar Taḥalifa said that Rav Amram said that Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: They asked Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat: Must an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva receive permission from the Nasi to permit him to render firstborn animals permitted, like others who must get permission from the Nasi to render firstborn animals permitted, or not? A firstborn animal may not be eaten until it has a blemish. Knowing which blemishes are permanent and permit the animal to be eaten and which are temporary is specialized knowledge.

מַאי קָא מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ? הָכִי קָא מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ, כִּי הָא דְּאָמַר רַב אִידִי בַּר אָבִין: דָּבָר זֶה הִנִּיחוּ לָהֶם לְבֵי נְשִׂיאָה כְּדֵי לְהִתְגַּדֵּר בּוֹ: צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת; אוֹ דִילְמָא, כֵּיוָן דְּזָקֵן וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּישִׁיבָה, אֵין צָרִיךְ. עָמַד רַבִּי צָדוֹק בֶּן חָקוֹלָא עַל רַגְלָיו, וְאָמַר: אֲנִי רָאִיתִי אֶת רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִימְרָא, שֶׁזָּקֵן וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּישִׁיבָה הָיָה, וְעָמַד בְּמַעֲלָה מִזְּקֵנוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, וְנָטַל רְשׁוּת לְהַתִּיר בְּכוֹרוֹת.

The Gemara asks: What are they asking? What is the basis of the question? The Gemara explains: This is what they are asking, like this statement of Rav Idi bar Avin, who said: This matter, the authority of the Nasi to grant permission, was given to the house of the Nasi to raise its stature. Therefore, must permission be received, since the request itself honors the Nasi ? Or, perhaps because the individual in question is an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva, there is no need. Rav Tzadok ben Ḥaluka rose to his feet and said: I saw Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra, who was an Elder who sat in the yeshiva and who stood before the grandfather of this current Nasi , ask permission from him to permit firstborn animals.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי אַבָּא: לֹא כָּךְ הָיָה מַעֲשֶׂה, אֶלָּא כָּךְ הָיָה מַעֲשֶׂה: רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִימְרָא כֹּהֵן הָיָה, וְהָכִי קָא מִיבַּעְיָא לֵיהּ: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר, דְּאָמַר: הֶחָשׁוּד בְּדָבָר — לֹא דָּנוֹ, וְלֹא מְעִידוֹ. אוֹ דִילְמָא הֲלָכָה כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, דְּאָמַר: נֶאֱמָן הוּא עַל שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ וְאֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן עַל שֶׁל עַצְמוֹ. וּפְשַׁט לֵיהּ: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל.

Rabbi Abba said to him: The way you described it was not how the incident was. Rather this was the incident: Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra was a priest, and he raised the following dilemma: Is the halakha in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, who said: One who is suspect in a certain area may not judge it and may not testify about it? Priests are suspected of inflicting blemishes on firstborn animals because after the destruction of the Temple, even priests may not benefit from a firstborn animal until it becomes blemished. The question was not one of seeking permission from the Nasi , but it was a question of halakha . Are priests who are Torah scholars also suspected of inflicting blemishes? Or perhaps the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who said: One who is suspect is believed about his fellow but is not believed about himself. He resolved the question for him: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.

וְתוּ קָא מִבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: מַהוּ לָצֵאת בְּסַנְדָּל שֶׁל

§ They raised another dilemma before them, the same Sages mentioned: What is the halakha with regard to going out in sandals made of