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Niddah 31b

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Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Niddah 31b

Niddah 31b. The full printed text of this folio side — 22 numbered segments, about 432 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

שֶׁמְּשַׁהִין עַצְמָן בַּבֶּטֶן כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּזְרִיעוּ נְשׁוֹתֵיהֶן תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁיְּהוּ בְּנֵיהֶם זְכָרִים — מַעֲלֶה עֲלֵיהֶן הַכָּתוּב כְּאִילּוּ הֵם מַרְבִּים בָּנִים וּבְנֵי בָּנִים. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמַר רַב קַטִּינָא: יָכוֹלְנִי לַעֲשׂוֹת כׇּל בָּנַי זְכָרִים. אָמַר רָבָא: הָרוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת כׇּל בָּנָיו זְכָרִים — יִבְעוֹל וְיִשְׁנֶה.

they delay while in their wives’ abdomen, initially refraining from emitting semen so that their wives will emit seed first, in order that their children will be male, the verse ascribes them credit as though they have many sons and sons’ sons. And this statement is the same as that which Rav Ketina said: I could have made all of my children males, by refraining from emitting seed until my wife emitted seed first. Rava says another method through which one can cause his children to be males: One who wishes to make all of his children males should engage in intercourse with his wife and repeat the act.

Segment 2

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: אֵין אִשָּׁה מִתְעַבֶּרֶת אֶלָּא סָמוּךְ לְוִסְתָּהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״הֵן בְּעוֹוֹן חוֹלָלְתִּי״.

§ And Rabbi Yitzḥak says that Rabbi Ami says: A woman becomes pregnant only by engaging in intercourse close to the onset of her menstrual cycle, as it is stated: “Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity” (Psalms 51:7). This iniquity is referring to intercourse close to the woman’s menstrual cycle, when intercourse is prohibited. Accordingly, David is saying that his mother presumably conceived him at this time.

Segment 3

וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: סָמוּךְ (לטבילה) [לִטְבִילָתָהּ], שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּבְחֵטְא יֶחֱמַתְנִי אַמֵּי״.

And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: A woman becomes pregnant only by engaging in intercourse near the time of her immersion in a ritual bath, through which she is purified from her status as a menstruating woman, as it is stated in the continuation of the same verse: “And in sin [ uvḥet ] did my mother conceive me” (Psalms 51:7).

Segment 4

מַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּהַאי ״חֵטְא״ לִישָּׁנָא דְּדַכּוֹיֵי הוּא? דִּכְתִיב ״וְחִטֵּא אֶת הַבַּיִת״, וּמְתַרְגְּמִינַן ״וִידַכֵּי יָת בֵּיתָא״. וְאִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא מֵהָכָא: ״תְּחַטְּאֵנִי בְּאֵזוֹב וְאֶטְהָר״.

The Gemara explains this derivation: From where may it be inferred that this term “ ḥet ” is a reference to purity? The Gemara answers: As it is written with regard to leprosy of houses: “ Veḥittei the house” (Leviticus 14:52), and we translate the verse into Aramaic as: And he shall purify the house. And if you wish, say that the interpretation is derived from here: “Purge me [ teḥatte’eni ] with hyssop, and I shall be pure” (Psalms 51:9). Evidently, the root ḥet , tet , alef refers to purification.

Segment 5

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא זָכָר בָּעוֹלָם — בָּא שָׁלוֹם בָּעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״שִׁלְחוּ כַר מוֹשֵׁל אֶרֶץ״. ״זָכָר״ — זֶה כַּר.

§ And Rabbi Yitzḥak says that Rabbi Ami says: When a male comes into the world, i.e., when a male baby is born, peace comes to the world, as it is stated: “Send the lambs [ khar ] for the ruler of the land” (Isaiah 16:1). This khar , or kar , a gift one sends the ruler, contributes to the stability of the government and peace, and the word male [ zakhar ] can be interpreted homiletically as an abbreviation of: This is a kar [ zeh kar ].

Segment 6

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק דְּבֵי רַבִּי אַמֵּי: בָּא זָכָר בָּעוֹלָם — בָּא כִּכָּרוֹ בְּיָדוֹ, ״זָכָר״ — זֶה כַּר, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּכְרֶה לָהֶם כֵּרָה גְדוֹלָה״.

And Rabbi Yitzḥak from the school of Rabbi Ami says: When a male comes into the world, his loaf of bread, i.e., his sustenance, comes into his possession. In other words, a male can provide for himself. This is based on the aforementioned interpretation of the word male [ zakhar ] as an abbreviation of: This is a kar [ zeh kar ], and the term kar refers to sustenance, as it is written: “And he prepared great provision [ kera ] for them” (II Kings 6:23).

Segment 7

נְקֵבָה — אֵין עִמָּהּ כְּלוּם, נְקֵבָה — נְקִיָּיה בָּאָה, עַד דְּאָמְרָה: ״מְזוֹנֵי״ — לָא יָהֲבִי לַהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״נׇקְבָה שְׂכָרְךָ עָלַי וְאֶתֵּנָה״.

By contrast, when a female comes into the world, nothing, i.e., no sustenance, comes with her. This is derived from the homiletic interpretation of the word female [ nekeva ] as an abbreviation of the phrase: She comes clean [ nekiya ba’a ], i.e., empty. Furthermore, until she says: Give me sustenance, people do not give her, as it is written in Laban’s request of Jacob: “Appoint me [ nokva ] your wages, and I will give it” (Genesis 30:28). Laban used the word nokva , similar to nekeva , when he said that he would pay Jacob only if he explicitly demanded his wages.

Segment 8

שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו אֶת רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: מִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה יוֹלֶדֶת מְבִיאָה קׇרְבָּן? אָמַר לָהֶן: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁכּוֹרַעַת לֵילֵד, קוֹפֶצֶת וְנִשְׁבַּעַת שֶׁלֹּא תִּזָּקֵק לְבַעְלָהּ, לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה תָּבִיא קׇרְבָּן.

The students of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai asked him: For what reason does the Torah say that a woman after childbirth brings an offering? He said to them: At the time that a woman crouches to give birth, her pain is so great that she impulsively takes an oath that she will not engage in intercourse with her husband ever again, so that she will never again experience this pain. Therefore, the Torah says that she must bring an offering for violating her oath and continuing to engage in intercourse with her husband.

Segment 9

מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב יוֹסֵף: וְהָא מְזִידָה הִיא, וּבַחֲרָטָה תַּלְיָא מִילְּתָא! וְעוֹד — קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה (בעי) [בָּעֲיָא] אֵיתוֹיֵי!

Rav Yosef objects to this answer: But isn’t the woman an intentional violator of her oath? And if she wishes that her oath be dissolved, so that she may engage in intercourse with her husband, the matter depends on her regret of her oath. One is obligated to bring an offering for violating an oath of an utterance only if his transgression is unwitting. And furthermore, if the purpose of the offering that a woman brings after childbirth is to atone for violating an oath, then she should be required to bring a female lamb or goat as an offering, which is the requirement of one who violated an oath, rather than the bird offering brought by a woman after childbirth.

Segment 10

וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה זָכָר לְשִׁבְעָה וּנְקֵבָה לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר? זָכָר, שֶׁהַכֹּל שְׂמֵחִים בּוֹ — מִתְחָרֶטֶת לְשִׁבְעָה. נְקֵבָה, שֶׁהַכֹּל עֲצֵבִים בָּהּ — מִתְחָרֶטֶת לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר.

And the students of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai further inquired of him: For what reason does the Torah say that a woman who gives birth to a male is ritually impure for seven days, but a woman who gives birth to a female is impure for fourteen days? Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai answered them: When a woman gives birth to a male, over which everyone is happy, she regrets her oath, that she will never again engage in intercourse with her husband, already seven days after giving birth. By contrast, after giving birth to a female, over which everyone is unhappy, she regrets her oath only fourteen days after giving birth.

Segment 11

וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה מִילָה לִשְׁמוֹנָה? שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ כּוּלָּם שְׂמֵחִים וְאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ עֲצֵבִים.

And the students further asked him: For what reason does the Torah say that circumcision is performed only on the eighth day of the baby’s life, and not beforehand? He answered them: It is so that there will not be a situation where everyone is happy at the circumcision ceremony but the father and mother of the infant are unhappy, as they are still prohibited from engaging in intercourse.

Segment 12

תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: מִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה נִדָּה לְשִׁבְעָה? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרָגִיל בָּהּ וְקָץ בָּהּ. אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה: ״תְּהֵא טְמֵאָה שִׁבְעָה יָמִים״, כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא חֲבִיבָה עַל בַּעְלָהּ כִּשְׁעַת כְּנִיסָתָהּ לַחוּפָּה.

It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: For what reason does the Torah say that a menstruating woman is prohibited from engaging in intercourse with her husband for seven days? It is because if a woman were permitted to engage in intercourse with her husband all the time, her husband would be too accustomed to her, and would eventually be repulsed by her. Therefore, the Torah says that a menstruating woman shall be ritually impure for seven days, during which she is prohibited from engaging in intercourse with her husband, so that when she becomes pure again she will be dear to her husband as at the time when she entered the wedding canopy with him.

Segment 13

שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו אֶת רַבִּי דּוֹסְתַּאי בְּרַבִּי יַנַּאי: מִפְּנֵי מָה אִישׁ מְחַזֵּר עַל אִשָּׁה, וְאֵין אִשָּׁה מְחַזֶּרֶת עַל אִישׁ? מָשָׁל לְאָדָם (שאבד) [שֶׁאָבְדָה] לוֹ אֲבֵידָה — מִי מְחַזֵּר עַל מִי? בַּעַל אֲבֵידָה מְחַזֵּר עַל אֲבֵידָתוֹ.

§ The students of Rabbi Dostai, son of Rabbi Yannai, asked him: For what reason is it the norm that a man pursues a woman for marriage, but a woman does not pursue a man? Rabbi Dostai answered them by citing a parable of a person who lost an item. Who searches for what? Certainly the owner of the lost item searches for his item; the item does not search for its owner. Since the first woman was created from the body of the first man, the man seeks that which he has lost.

Segment 14

וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אִישׁ פָּנָיו לְמַטָּה, וְאִשָּׁה פָּנֶיהָ לְמַעְלָה כְּלַפֵּי הָאִישׁ? זֶה מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרָא, וְזוֹ מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרֵאת.

And the students of Rabbi Dostai further asked him: For what reason does a man engage in intercourse facing down, and a woman engage in intercourse facing up toward the man? Rabbi Dostai answered them: This man faces the place from which he was created, i.e., the earth, and that woman faces the place from which she was created, namely man.

Segment 15

וּמִפְּנֵי מָה הָאִישׁ מְקַבֵּל פִּיּוּס, וְאֵין אִשָּׁה מְקַבֶּלֶת פִּיּוּס? זֶה מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרָא, וְזוֹ מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרֵאת.

And the students also inquired: For what reason is a man who is angry likely to accept appeasement, but a woman is not as likely to accept appeasement? Rabbi Dostai answered them: It is because this man behaves like the place from which he was created, i.e., the earth, which yields to pressure, and that woman behaves like the place from which she was created, i.e., from bone, which cannot be molded easily.

Segment 16

מִפְּנֵי מָה אִשָּׁה קוֹלָהּ עָרֵב, וְאֵין אִישׁ קוֹלוֹ עָרֵב? זֶה מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרָא, וְזוֹ מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁנִּבְרֵאת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי קוֹלֵךְ עָרֵב וּמַרְאֵךְ נָאוֶה״.

The students continued to ask Rabbi Dostai: For what reason is a woman’s voice pleasant, but a man’s voice is not pleasant? He answered: This man is similar to the place from which he was created, the earth, which does not issue a sound when it is struck, and that woman is similar to the place from which she was created, a bone, which makes a sound when it is struck. The proof that a woman’s voice is pleasant is that it is stated in Song of Songs that the man says to his beloved: “For sweet is your voice, and your countenance is beautiful” (Song of Songs 2:14).

Segment 17

הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ הַמַּפֶּלֶת חֲתִיכָה.

MISHNA: Samaritan girls are considered menstruating women from the time they lie in their cradle. And the Samaritan men impart ritual impurity to the lower bedding like the upper bedding, i.e., all layers of bedding beneath them are impure, and their status is like the bedding above a man who experiences a gonorrhea-like discharge [ zav ]: The status of both levels of bedding is that of first-degree ritual impurity, which can impart impurity to food and drink. This is due to the fact that Samaritan men are considered men who engage in intercourse with menstruating women.

Segment 18

מַתְנִי' בְּנוֹת כּוּתִים נִדּוֹת מֵעֲרִיסָתָן, וְהַכּוּתִים מְטַמְּאִים מִשְׁכָּב תַּחְתּוֹן כָּעֶלְיוֹן, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן בּוֹעֲלֵי נִדּוֹת,

And they are considered men who engage in intercourse with menstruating women because Samaritan women observe the seven-day menstrual period of ritual impurity for each and every emission of blood, even for blood that does not render them impure. Accordingly, if a Samaritan woman has an emission of impure blood during the seven-day period, she will nevertheless continue counting seven days from the first emission. It is therefore possible that the Samaritan men will engage in intercourse with their wives while they are still halakhically considered menstruating women, as the seven-day period of impurity should have been counted from the emission of the impure blood.

Segment 19

וְהֵן יוֹשְׁבוֹת עַל כׇּל דָּם וָדָם.

But one who enters the Temple while wearing those garments upon which a Samaritan had lain is not liable to bring an offering for entering the Temple in a status of impurity, nor does one burn teruma that came into contact with those garments, because their impurity is uncertain.

Segment 20

וְאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן עַל בִּיאַת מִקְדָּשׁ, וְאֵין שׂוֹרְפִין עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הַתְּרוּמָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁטּוּמְאָתָן סָפֵק.

GEMARA: The mishna teaches that Samaritan girls are considered menstruating women from the time they lie in their cradle. The Gemara asks: What are the circumstances of this statement? If the mishna is referring to girls who already see menstrual blood, then even our own, i.e., Jewish girls, are also considered menstruating women under such circumstances. And if it is referring to girls who do not yet see menstrual blood, then their girls, i.e., those of the Samaritans, should also not have the status of menstruating women.

Segment 21

גְּמָ' הֵיכִי דָּמֵי? אִי דְּקָא חָזְיָין — אֲפִילּוּ דִּידַן נָמֵי, וְאִי דְּלָא קָחָזְיָין — דִּידְהוּ נָמֵי לָא.

Rava, son of Rav Aḥa bar Rav Huna, says that Rav Sheshet says: Here we are dealing with an unspecified case, i.e., it is unknown whether these girls have experienced their first menstrual period. Since there is a minority of girls who see menstrual blood, we are concerned with regard to each Samaritan girl that she might be from this minority. The Gemara asks: And who is the tanna who taught that one must be concerned for the minority?

Segment 22

אָמַר רָבָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אַחָא בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: הָכָא בְמַאי עָסְקִינַן? בִּסְתָמָא, דְּכֵיוָן דְּאִיכָּא מִיעוּטָא דְּחָזְיָין — חָיְישִׁינַן. וּמַאן תַּנָּא דְּחָיֵישׁ לְמִיעוּטָא?

Niddah 31b

Niddah 31b

Rashi

Tosafot

Rashba

Ritva

Meiri

Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

Maharam

Gilyon HaShas

Ben Yehoyada

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