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Gittin 62a

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Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Gittin 62a

Gittin 62a. The full printed text of this folio side — 17 numbered segments, about 442 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

נוֹתֶנֶת לָהּ וְאוֹכֶלֶת. הַשְׁתָּא מִיגְנָב גָּנְבָא, חַלּוֹפֵי לָא מְיחַלְּפָא?!

may give her food and she may eat it, and there is concern that she will feed others her produce that was not tithed. Now, if there is concern that the wife of the am ha’aretz might steal from her husband and give the other woman food without his permission, should there not be concern that she might exchange her own food with that of the other woman? Can she be relied upon not to make the exchange? She certainly cannot be trusted, and there is concern about this possibility. Consequently, it is not only in the cases of a man’s mother-in-law and an innkeeper that there is concern that food may be exchanged.

Segment 2

אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הָתָם נָמֵי, מוֹרְיָא וְאָמְרָה: תּוֹרָא מִדִּישֵׁיהּ קָאָכֵיל.

Rav Yosef said: There too, the wife of the am ha’aretz rules for herself that she is permitted to do this, and she says: The ox may eat from its threshing. She thinks that while she is engaged in preparing food, it is permitted for her to take from the food and it is not considered stealing. Consequently, it cannot be learned from here that every am ha’aretz is suspected of exchanging his own food with that of another.

Segment 3

הֵעִיד רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן הַמְשׁוּלָּם מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָחִיו, שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חַסָּמָא: אֵין עוֹשִׂין חַלַּת עַם הָאָרֶץ בְּטׇהֳרָה, אֲבָל עוֹשִׂין עִיסַּת חוּלָּיו בְּטָהֳרָה; וְנוֹטֵל הֵימֶנָּה כְּדֵי חַלָּה, וּמַנִּיחָהּ בִּכְפִישָׁא אוֹ בְּאַנְחוּתָא; וּכְשֶׁבָּא עַם הָאָרֶץ לִיטּוֹל, נוֹטֵל אֶת שְׁתֵּיהֶן וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ.

§ The Gemara cites a baraita ( Tosefta , Demai 3:1) dealing with produce deposited with an am ha’aretz : Rabbi Yosei ben HaMeshullam testified in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan, his brother, who said in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥasma: A dough kneader who is a ḥaver may not prepare a loaf to serve as ḥalla for an am ha’aretz while keeping the ḥalla dough in a state of ritual purity. But he may prepare all of his ordinary dough while keeping the dough in a state of purity, and then take the amount required for ḥalla from it, and place it in a basket [ kefisha ] or vessel [ anḥuta ], which do not contract ritual impurity. And when the am ha’aretz comes to take what was prepared for him, he can take both the dough and the ḥalla , and the one who prepared the dough does not need to be concerned that the am ha’aretz will impart impurity to the ḥalla .

Segment 4

וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין תְּרוּמַת זֵיתָיו בְּטׇהֳרָה, אֲבָל עוֹשִׂין זֵיתֵי חוּלָּיו בְּטָהֳרָה; וְנוֹטֵל הֵימֶנָּה כְּדֵי תְּרוּמָה, וּמַנִּיחָהּ בְּכִלְיוֹ שֶׁל חָבֵר; וּכְשֶׁבָּא עַם הָאָרֶץ לִיטּוֹל – נוֹטֵל אֶת שְׁתֵּיהֶן, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ.

And similarly, an olive presser who is a ḥaver may not prepare oil from the olives of an am ha’aretz that are teruma while keeping the oil in a state of ritual impurity. But he may prepare all of his ordinary olives while keeping the oil in a state of purity, and then take the amounted required for teruma from all of the oil, and place it in ritually pure vessels belonging to the ḥaver . And when the am ha’aretz comes to take what was prepared for him, he takes both the ordinary oil and the teruma , and the olive presser does not need to be concerned that the am ha’aretz will impart impurity to the teruma .

Segment 5

וְטַעְמָא מַאי? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִשּׁוּם כְּדֵי חַיָּיו דְּגַבָּל, וּמִשּׁוּם כְּדֵי חַיָּיו דְּבַדָּד.

The Gemara asks: And what is the reason that such leniency was granted? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: For the sake of the kneader’s livelihood and for the sake of the olive presser’s livelihood.

Segment 6

וּצְרִיכָא; דְּאִי אַשְׁמוֹעִינַן גַּבָּל – מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא נְפִישׁ אַגְרֵיהּ, אֲבָל בַּדָּד – דִּנְפִישׁ אַגְרֵיהּ, אֵימָא לָא. וְאִי אַשְׁמוֹעִינַן בַּדָּד – מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא שְׁכִיחַ לֵיהּ, אֲבָל גַּבָּל – דִּשְׁכִיחַ לֵיהּ, אֵימָא לָא; צְרִיכָא.

The Gemara comments: And it is necessary for the baraita to state this halakha in both cases, as had the baraita taught it to us only in the case of a kneader, one might have said the following: The Sages were lenient with the kneader because his payment is not great, and therefore he is poor and in need of help, but with regard to an olive presser, whose payment is great, say that the Sages were not lenient with him. And had the baraita taught us the halakha only in the case of an olive presser, one might have said: The Sages were lenient with the olive presser because this type of work is not common. It is performed only during the olive harvest, and therefore there is great concern about his livelihood. But with regard to a kneader, whose work is common and performed year-round, say that the Sages were not lenient with him. Consequently, it is necessary to state the halakha in both cases.

Segment 7

אָמַר מָר: נוֹטֵל הֵימֶנָּה כְּדֵי חַלָּה, וּמַנִּיחָהּ בִּכְפִישָׁא אוֹ בְּאַנְחוּתָא; וּכְשֶׁבָּא עַם הָאָרֶץ לִיטּוֹל, נוֹטֵל אֶת שְׁתֵּיהֶן וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. וְלֵיחוּשׁ דִּילְמָא נָגַע בָּהּ! דְּאָמְרִינַן לֵיהּ: חֲזִי, אִי נָגְעַתְּ בַּהּ הָדְרָא לְטִיבְלָא.

The Gemara proceeds to clarify several points in the aforementioned baraita , in which the Master said: He may take the amount required for ḥalla from it, and place it in a basket or vessel, which do not contract ritual impurity. And when the am ha’aretz comes to take what was prepared for him, he can take both the dough and the ḥalla , and the one who prepared the dough does not need to be concerned that the am ha’aretz will impart impurity to the ḥalla . The Gemara questions this ruling: But let there be a concern lest the am ha’aretz touch the ḥalla and thereby impart impurity to it. The Gemara explains: This is not a concern, because we say to him: See that you do not touch the ḥalla , because if you touch it the dough will once again be considered like untithed produce.

Segment 8

וְלֵיחוּשׁ דִּילְמָא לָא אִיכְפַּת לֵיהּ! הַשְׁתָּא לְתַקּוֹנֵי קָא מִיכַּוֵּין, מִיכְפָּת לָא אִיכְפַּת לֵיהּ?!

The Gemara questions this explanation: But let there be a concern lest he does not care that the dough will once again be considered untithed. The Gemara explains: Now that it is evident that his intention was to do things in the right manner, and for this reason he employed a kneader who works in a state of ritual purity, can one say that he does not care whether or not his dough is properly prepared?

Segment 9

אָמַר מָר: נוֹטֵל הֵימֶנָּה כְּדֵי תְרוּמָה, וּמַנִּיחָהּ בְּכִלְיוֹ שֶׁל חָבֵר; וּכְשֶׁבָּא עַם הָאָרֶץ לִיטּוֹל, נוֹטֵל אֶת שְׁתֵּיהֶן וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. וְלֵיחוּשׁ דִּילְמָא נָגַע בַּהּ! בִּשְׁלָמָא הָתָם, אִית לֵיהּ הֶיכֵּרָא; הָכָא, מַאי הֶיכֵּרָא אִית לֵיהּ? דְּמַנַּח לֵיהּ בִּכְלֵי גְלָלִים, בִּכְלֵי אֲבָנִים, בִּכְלֵי אֲדָמָה.

The Master said with regard to oil, further in that baraita : He may take the amounted required for teruma from all of the oil, and place it in ritually pure vessels belonging to the ḥaver . And when the am ha’aretz comes to take what was prepared for him, he takes both the ordinary oil and the teruma , and the olive presser does not need to be concerned that the am ha’aretz will impart impurity to the teruma . The Gemara questions this ruling: But let there be a concern lest the am ha’aretz touch the teruma oil and impart impurity to it. Granted, there, in the case of ḥalla , there is a conspicuous marker, as one places the ḥalla in a special vessel that is not usually used for dough. But here, what conspicuous marker is there? The Gemara answers: He places the teruma oil in dung vessels, in stone vessels, or in clay vessels, which do not contract ritual impurity.

Segment 10

אִי הָכִי, מַאי אִירְיָא דְּחָבֵר? אֲפִילּוּ דְּעַם הָאָרֶץ נָמֵי! הָכִי נָמֵי קָאָמַר: בְּכֵלִים שֶׁל עַם הָאָרֶץ, הָרְאוּיִין לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן חָבֵר.

The Gemara raises a difficulty: If so, why mention specifically the vessels of a ḥaver ? The same would hold true even for the vessels of an am ha’aretz , as they do not contract ritual impurity either. The Gemara answers: That is also what the tanna is saying, i.e., the olive presser takes the amount required for teruma and places it in vessels belonging to the am ha’aretz that cannot contract ritual impurity and are therefore fit to be used by a ḥaver .

Segment 11

מַחְזִיקִין יְדֵי גּוֹיִם בַּשְּׁבִיעִית: מַחְזִיקִין?! וְהָאָמַר רַב דִּימִי בַּר שִׁישְׁנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: אֵין עוֹדְרִין עִם הַגּוֹי בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, וְאֵין כּוֹפְלִין ״שָׁלוֹם״ לְגוֹי! לָא צְרִיכָא, לְמֵימְרָא לְהוּ ״אַחְזוּקוּ״ בְּעָלְמָא – כִּי הָא דְּרַב יְהוּדָה אֲמַר לְהוּ ״אַחְזוּקוּ״; רַב שֵׁשֶׁת אָמַר לְהוּ ״אַשַּׁרְתָּא״.

§ The mishna teaches that one may assist gentiles who work the land during the Sabbatical Year. The Gemara asks: May one really assist them? But didn’t Rav Dimi bar Shishna say in the name of Rav: One may not hoe with a gentile during the Sabbatical Year, and one may not double the greeting extended to a gentile, saying: Shalom , shalom ? The Gemara answers: No, one may not actually help a gentile in his work, but it is necessary to state that one may merely say to them: Be strong, as in that incident where Rav Yehuda said to gentiles in such a situation: Be strong, and Rav Sheshet said to them: Well done. Statements of this kind are certainly permitted.

Segment 12

וְאֵין כּוֹפְלִין ״שָׁלוֹם״ לְגוֹי: רַב חִסְדָּא מַקְדֵּים וְיָהֵיב לְהוּ שְׁלָמָא. רַב כָּהֲנָא אֲמַר לְהוּ ״שְׁלָמָא לְמָר״.

It was stated above in the name of Rav that one may not double the greeting of shalom extended to a gentile. The Gemara relates that Rav Ḥisda would greet gentiles first so that he would not have to respond to the greeting extended to him with a twofold shalom . Rav Kahana, by contrast, would wait for their greeting, and then say to them: Peace to my master, thereby freeing himself from having to say shalom twice.

Segment 13

וְשׁוֹאֲלִין בִּשְׁלוֹמָן. הַשְׁתָּא אַחְזוֹקֵי מַחְזְקִינַן, שׁוֹאֲלִין בִּשְׁלוֹמָן מִיבַּעְיָא?! אָמַר רַב יֵיבָא: לֹא נִצְרְכָה אֶלָּא לְיוֹם אֵידָם – דְּתַנְיָא: לֹא יִכָּנֵס אָדָם לְבֵיתוֹ שֶׁל גּוֹי בְּיוֹם אֵידוֹ, וְיִתֵּן לוֹ ״שָׁלוֹם״. מְצָאוֹ בַּשּׁוּק – נוֹתֵן לוֹ בְּשָׂפָה רָפָה וּבְכוֹבֶד רֹאשׁ.

The mishna teaches that one may extend greetings to gentiles on account of the ways of peace. The Gemara asks: Now that it is taught that one may assist them, is it necessary to say that one may extend greetings to them? Rav Yeiva said: This halakha is necessary only on their holidays, as it is taught in a baraita : A person may not enter the home of a gentile on his holiday and extend greetings to him, as it appears that he is blessing him in honor of his holiday. If he encounters him in the market, he may greet him in an undertone and in a solemn manner, so that he does not appear to be rejoicing with him.

Segment 14

רַב הוּנָא וְרַב חִסְדָּא הֲווֹ יָתְבִי. חָלֵיף וְאָזֵיל גְּנִיבָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חַד לְחַבְרֵיהּ: נֵיקוּם מִקַּמֵּיהּ, דְּבַר אוֹרְיָין הוּא. אָמַר לוֹ: וּמִקַּמֵּי פָּלְגָאָה נֵיקוּם?! אַדְּהָכִי אֲתָא אִיהוּ לְגַבַּיְיהוּ, אֲמַר לְהוּ: שְׁלָמָא עֲלַיְיכוּ מַלְכֵי, שְׁלָמָא עֲלַיְיכוּ מַלְכֵי! אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: מְנָא לָךְ דְּרַבָּנַן אִיקְּרוּ מְלָכִים? אֲמַר לְהוּ: דִּכְתִיב: ״בִּי מְלָכִים יִמְלוֹכוּ וְגוֹ׳״.

§ With regard to the matter of doubling one’s greeting, the Gemara relates that Rav Huna and Rav Ḥisda were once sitting when the Sage Geneiva passed by alongside them. One of them said to the other: We should stand before him, in his honor, for he is a son of Torah. The other one said to him: But should we stand before an argumentative person? In the meantime, Geneiva approached them and said to them: Peace be upon you, kings, peace be upon you, kings. They said to him: From where do you know that the Sages are called kings? He said to them: As it is written with regard to the Torah in the book of Proverbs: “Through me kings rule” (Proverbs 8:15).

Segment 15

אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: וּמְנָא לָךְ דְּכָפְלִינַן ״שְׁלָמָא״ לְמַלְכֵי? אֲמַר לְהוּ, דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: מִנַּיִן שֶׁכּוֹפְלִין ״שָׁלוֹם״ לְמֶלֶךְ? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְרוּחַ לָבְשָׁה אֶת עֲמָשַׂי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁלִישִׁים וְגוֹ׳״.

Rav Huna and Rav Ḥisda said to him further: And from where do you know that we must double the greeting of shalom extended to kings? He said to them: As Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: From where is it derived that one must double the greeting of shalom extended to a king? As it is stated: “And the spirit clothed Amasai, who was chief of the captains, and he said: We are yours, David, and on your side, you son of Yishai; peace, peace be to you” (I Chronicles 12:19), indicating that a king is greeted with a doubled shalom .

Segment 16

אָמְרִי לֵיהּ: לִיטְעוֹם מָר מִידֵּי. אֲמַר לְהוּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: אָסוּר לוֹ לְאָדָם שֶׁיִּטְעוֹם כְּלוּם עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן מַאֲכָל לִבְהֶמְתּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנָתַתִּי עֵשֶׂב בְּשָׂדְךָ לִבְהֶמְתֶּךָ״, וַהֲדַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ״.

Rav Huna and Rav Ḥisda said to Geneiva: Does the Master wish to taste something? Geneiva said to them: So says Rav Yehuda that Rav says: It is prohibited for a person to taste anything until he gives food to his animal, as it is stated in the verse: “And I will give grass in the field for your animals” (Deuteronomy 11:15), and only afterward is it written in that verse: “And you shall eat and be satisfied.” I have yet to feed my animal, so I may not eat.

Segment 17

הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ הַנִּיזָּקִין

Gittin 62a

Gittin 62a

Rashi

Tosafot

Rashba

Meiri

Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

Maharam

Penei Yehoshua

Gilyon HaShas

Ben Yehoyada

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