Rosh Hashanah 31a

שָׁאנֵי הָתָם, דְּשִׁירָה דְּיוֹמֵיהּ הִיא.

The Gemara rejects this argument. It is different there, as in any case “Sing aloud” is the psalm of the day, either because it was an ordinary Thursday or because it was Rosh HaShana. However, there is no proof from here that in all uncertain cases they would recite the psalm for an ordinary weekday, as it is possible that they did not recite any psalm at all.

תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: בָּרִאשׁוֹן מָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים — ״לַה׳ הָאָרֶץ וּמְלוֹאָהּ״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁקָּנָה וְהִקְנָה וְשַׁלִּיט בְּעוֹלָמוֹ.

§ The Gemara expands on the topic of the daily psalms recited by the Levites. It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda said in the name of Rabbi Akiva: On the first day of the week, Sunday, what psalm would the Levites recite? The psalm beginning with the phrase: “The earth is the Lord’s, and its fullness” (Psalms 24:1), in commemoration of the first day of Creation, because on that day He acquired the world and transferred it to man, and He was the only ruler in His world, as the angels were not created until the second day.

בַּשֵּׁנִי מָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים — ״גָּדוֹל ה׳ וּמְהוּלָּל מְאֹד״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁחִילֵּק מַעֲשָׂיו וּמָלַךְ עֲלֵיהֶן.

On the second day of the week what psalm would the Levites recite? The psalm that begins: “Great is the Lord, and highly to be praised in the city of our God, His sacred mountain” (Psalms 48:2). This is because on the second day of Creation He separated His works, dividing between the upper waters and the lower waters, and ruled over them as King; and this psalm speaks of Jerusalem as “The city of a great King” (Psalms 48:3).

בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: ״אֱלֹהִים נִצָּב בַּעֲדַת אֵל״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁגִּילָּה אֶרֶץ בְּחׇכְמָתוֹ, וְהֵכִין תֵּבֵל לַעֲדָתוֹ. בָּרְבִיעִי הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: ״אֵל נְקָמוֹת ה׳״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁבָּרָא חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה, וְעָתִיד לִיפָּרַע מֵעוֹבְדֵיהֶן.

On the third day of the week they would recite the psalm beginning: “God stands in the congregation of God” (Psalms 82:1), because on the third day of Creation He revealed the land in His wisdom and thereby prepared the world for His assembly that could now live on the dry land. On the fourth day of the week they would recite the psalm beginning: “O Lord God, to Whom vengeance belongs” (Psalms 94:1), because on the fourth day of Creation He created the sun and the moon, and in the future He will punish and take vengeance upon those who worship them.

בַּחֲמִישִׁי הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: ״הַרְנִינוּ לֵאלֹהִים עוּזֵּנוּ״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁבָּרָא עוֹפוֹת וְדָגִים לְשַׁבֵּחַ לִשְׁמוֹ. בַּשִּׁשִּׁי הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: ״ה׳ מָלָךְ גֵּאוּת לָבֵשׁ״, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁגָּמַר מְלַאכְתּוֹ וּמָלַךְ עֲלֵיהֶן. בַּשְּׁבִיעִי הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים: ״מִזְמוֹר שִׁיר לְיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת״, לְיוֹם שֶׁכּוּלּוֹ שַׁבָּת.

On the fifth day of the week the Levites would recite the psalm beginning: “Sing aloud to God our strength” (Psalms 81:2), because on the fifth day of Creation He created birds and fish to praise His name. On the sixth day of the week they would recite the psalm beginning: “The Lord reigns, He is clothed with majesty” (Psalms 93:1), because on that day He completed His labor and ruled over all of creation in full glory. On the seventh day of the week, Shabbat, they would recite the psalm beginning: “A psalm, a song for the day of Shabbat” (Psalms 92:1), as the future world will be a day that is all Shabbat.

אָמַר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה: מָה רָאוּ חֲכָמִים לְחַלֵּק בֵּין הַפְּרָקִים הַלָּלוּ? אֶלָּא: בָּרִאשׁוֹן — שֶׁקָּנָה וְהִקְנָה וְשַׁלִּיט בְּעוֹלָמוֹ. בַּשֵּׁנִי — שֶׁחִילֵּק מַעֲשָׂיו וּמָלַךְ עֲלֵיהֶם. בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי — שֶׁגִּילָּה אֶרֶץ בְּחׇכְמָתוֹ וְהֵכִין תֵּבֵל לַעֲדָתוֹ.

Rabbi Neḥemya said: What did the Sages see that led them to distinguish between these chapters, as they interpret the psalms recited on the six weekdays as referring to the past, whereas the psalm recited on Shabbat is referring to the future. Rather, all of the psalms refer to the past. The first six are as explained above: On the first day, the reason is that He acquired the world and transferred it to man, and He was the only ruler in His world; on the second day, the reason is that He separated His works and ruled over them as King; on the third day, the reason is that He revealed the land in His wisdom and thereby prepared the world for His assembly.

בָּרְבִיעִי — שֶׁבָּרָא חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה וְעָתִיד לִיפָּרַע מֵעוֹבְדֵיהֶן. בַּחֲמִישִׁי — שֶׁבָּרָא עוֹפוֹת וְדָגִים לְשַׁבֵּחַ לִשְׁמוֹ. בַּשִּׁשִּׁי — שֶׁגָּמַר מְלַאכְתּוֹ וּמָלַךְ עֲלֵיהֶם. בַּשְּׁבִיעִי — עַל שֵׁם שֶׁשָּׁבַת.

On the fourth day, the reason is that He created the sun and the moon, and in the future He will punish those who worship them; on the fifth day, the reason is that He created birds and fish to praise His name; on the sixth day, the reason is that He completed His labor and ruled over all of creation. However, on the seventh day, the reason is that He rested from His work, as the phrase “A psalm, a song for the day of Shabbat” is referring to the first Shabbat of Creation.

וְקָמִיפַּלְגִי בִּדְרַב קַטִּינָא, דְּאָמַר רַב קַטִּינָא: שִׁיתָּא אַלְפֵי שְׁנֵי הָוֵה עָלְמָא וְחַד חָרוּב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנִשְׂגַּב ה׳ לְבַדּוֹ בְּיוֹם הַהוּא״. אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: תְּרֵי חָרוּב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יְחַיֵּינוּ מִיּוֹמָיִם״.

The Gemara comments: And these tanna’im disagree with regard to a statement of Rav Ketina, as Rav Ketina said: The world will exist for six thousand years, and for one thousand years it will be destroyed, as it is stated: “And the Lord alone shall be exalted on that day” (Isaiah 2:11), and one day for God is a thousand years, as indicated in the verse: “For a thousand years in Your sight are but as yesterday when it is past” (Psalms 90:4). Rav Ketina’s statement is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva. Conversely, Abaye said: The world will be destroyed for two thousand years, as it is stated: “After two days He will revive us” (Hosea 6:2). According to the opinion of Abaye that the destruction will be for two days, there is no connection between the future world and the day of Shabbat, which is only one day.

בְּמוּסְפֵי דְשַׁבְּתָא מָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים? אָמַר רַב עָנָן בַּר רָבָא אָמַר רַב: ״הַזִּיו לָךְ״.

§ The Gemara further asks: When it came to the additional offerings of Shabbat, what would the Levites recite? Rav Anan bar Rava said that Rav said: They would recite in accordance with the mnemonic hei , zayin , yod , vav , lamed , kaf . They would divide the song of Ha’azinu into six sections, each of which began with a letter of the mnemonic: “Give ear [ ha’azinu ], you heavens” (Deuteronomy 32:1); “Remember [ zekhor ] the days of old” (Deuteronomy 32:7); “He made him ride [ yarkivehu ] on the high places of the earth” (Deuteronomy 32:13); “The Lord saw it [ vayar ] and spurned” (Deuteronomy 32:19); “Were it not [ lulei ] that I dread the enemy’s provocation” (Deuteronomy 32:27); “For [ki] the Lord will judge His people” (Deuteronomy 32:36).

וְאָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא אָמַר רַב: כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁחֲלוּקִים כָּאן — כָּךְ חֲלוּקִין בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת.

And Rav Ḥanan bar Rava said that Rav said: In the manner that the verses of the song of Ha’azinu are divided here for the recitation of the additional offerings of Shabbat in the Temple, so too are they divided when they are read in the synagogue on Shabbat.

בְּמִנְחֲתָא דְשַׁבְּתָא מָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: ״אָז יָשִׁיר״, וּ״מִי כָמוֹךָ״, וְ״אָז יָשִׁיר״.

The Gemara asks another question: When it came to the daily afternoon offering on Shabbat, what would the Levites recite? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: “Then sang Moses” (Exodus 15:1), and: “Who is like You” (Exodus 15:11), the two halves of the Song of the Sea, and: “Then Israel sang this song” (Numbers 21:17), the entire Song of the Well.

אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: הָנֵי כּוּלְּהוּ בְּחַד שַׁבְּתָא אָמְרִי לְהוּ, אוֹ דִלְמָא כֹּל שַׁבְּתָא וְשַׁבְּתָא אָמְרִי חַד? תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּתַנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: עַד שֶׁהָרִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹמֶרֶת אַחַת — שְׁנִיָּה חוֹזֶרֶת שְׁתַּיִם. שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ כׇּל שַׁבְּתָא וְשַׁבְּתָא אָמְרִי חַד, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.

A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Does one recite all these sections of the song of Ha’azinu on each Shabbat, or perhaps on each and every Shabbat they would recite one section? The Gemara suggests: Come and hear, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei said: By the time that those who recite the first set, i.e., the verses for the additional offerings brought on Shabbat, recite it once, those who recite the second set, for the daily afternoon offering, would repeat their cycle twice, as the first set was comprised of six sections, whereas the second set included only three sections. Learn from here that each and every Shabbat they would recite only one section. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from here that this is correct.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בַּר אִידֵּי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: עֶשֶׂר מַסָּעוֹת נָסְעָה שְׁכִינָה, מִקְּרָאֵי, וּכְנֶגְדָּן גָּלְתָה סַנְהֶדְרִין, מִגְּמָרָא.

§ Rav Yehuda bar Idi said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Divine Presence traveled ten journeys, i.e., it left the Temple and Eretz Yisrael in ten stages at the time of the destruction of the First Temple, as derived from verses. And corresponding to them the Sanhedrin was exiled in ten stages at the end of the Second Temple period and after the destruction of the Temple, and this is known from tradition.

עֶשֶׂר מַסָּעוֹת נָסְעָה שְׁכִינָה, מִקְּרָאֵי: מִכַּפֹּרֶת לִכְרוּב, וּמִכְּרוּב לִכְרוּב, וּמִכְּרוּב לְמִפְתָּן, וּמִמִּפְתָּן לְחָצֵר, וּמֵחָצֵר לְמִזְבֵּחַ, וּמִמִּזְבֵּחַ לְגַג, וּמִגַּג לְחוֹמָה, וּמֵחוֹמָה לָעִיר, וּמֵעִיר לְהַר, וּמֵהַר לְמִדְבָּר, וּמִמִּדְבָּר עָלְתָה וְיָשְׁבָה בִּמְקוֹמָהּ — שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֵלֵךְ אָשׁוּבָה אֶל מְקוֹמִי״.

The Gemara elaborates. The Divine Presence traveled ten journeys, as derived from verses. The ten journeys are: From the Ark cover to the cherub; and from one cherub to the other cherub; and from the second cherub to the threshold of the Sanctuary; and from the threshold to the courtyard; and from the courtyard to the altar; and from the altar to the roof; and from the roof to the wall of the Temple Mount; and from the wall to the city; and from the city to a mountain close to Jerusalem; and from that mountain to the wilderness; and from the wilderness it ascended and rested in its place in Heaven, isolated from humanity, as it is stated: “I will go and return to My place” (Hosea 5:15).

מִכַּפּוֹרֶת לִכְרוּב, מִכְּרוּב לִכְרוּב, וּמִכְּרוּב לְמִפְתָּן — דִּכְתִיב: ״וְנוֹעַדְתִּי לְךָ שָׁם וְדִבַּרְתִּי אִתְּךָ מֵעַל הַכַּפּוֹרֶת״, וּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּרְכַּב עַל כְּרוּב וַיָּעֹף״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּכְבוֹד אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נַעֲלָה מֵעַל הַכְּרוּב אֲשֶׁר הָיָה עָלָיו אֶל מִפְתַּן הַבָּיִת״.

The Gemara cites the sources for each of these stages: From the Ark cover the Divine Presence traveled to the cherub, and from one cherub to the other cherub, and from the second cherub to the threshold, as it is written with regard to Moses in the Tabernacle: “And there I will meet with you, and I will speak to you from above the Ark cover, from between the two cherubs” (Exodus 25:22). And it is written: “And He rode upon a cherub, and flew” (II Samuel 22:11), which indicates that the glory of the Divine Presence can rest upon one cherub. And it is written: “And the glory of the God of Israel had ascended from the cherub, on which it was, to the threshold of the House” (Ezekiel 9:3), i.e., the Divine Presence moved from the cherub to the threshold.

וּמִמִּפְתָּן לְחָצֵר, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּמָּלֵא הַבַּיִת אֶת הֶעָנָן וְהֶחָצֵר מָלְאָה אֶת נֹגַהּ כְּבוֹד ה׳״. מֵחָצֵר לְמִזְבֵּחַ, דִּכְתִיב: ״רָאִיתִי אֶת ה׳ נִצָּב עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ״. וּמִמִּזְבֵּחַ לְגַג, דִּכְתִיב: ״טוֹב לָשֶׁבֶת עַל פִּנַּת גָּג״. מִגַּג לְחוֹמָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהִנֵּה ה׳ נִצָּב עַל חוֹמַת אֲנָךְ״. מֵחוֹמָה לָעִיר, דִּכְתִיב: ״קוֹל ה׳ לָעִיר יִקְרָא״.

And from the threshold of the Sanctuary the Divine Presence went to the courtyard, as it is written: “And the House was filled with the cloud and the courtyard was full of the brightness of the Lord’s glory” (Ezekiel 10:4). From the courtyard to the altar, as it is written: “I saw the Lord standing on the altar” (Amos 9:1). And from the altar to the roof, as it is written: “It is better to dwell in a corner of the roof than in a house together with a contentious woman” (Proverbs 21:9). From the roof to the wall, as it is written: “And behold, the Lord stood upon a wall made by a plumb line” (Amos 7:7). From the wall to the city, as it is written: “The Lord’s voice cries to the city” (Micah 6:9).

וּמֵעִיר לְהַר, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּעַל כְּבוֹד ה׳ מֵעַל תּוֹךְ הָעִיר וַיַּעֲמֹד עַל הָהָר אֲשֶׁר מִקֶּדֶם לָעִיר״. וּמֵהַר לְמִדְבָּר, דִּכְתִיב: ״טוֹב שֶׁבֶת בְּאֶרֶץ מִדְבָּר״. וּמִמִּדְבָּר עָלְתָה וְיָשְׁבָה בִּמְקוֹמָהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״אֵלֵךְ אָשׁוּבָה אֶל מְקוֹמִי וְגוֹ׳״.

And from the city the Divine Presence arose to the mountain nearest the Sanctuary, i.e., the Mount of Olives, as it is written: “And the glory of the Lord went up from the midst of the city, and stood upon the mountain, which is on the east side of the city” (Ezekiel 11:23). And from the mountain to the wilderness, as it is written: “It is better to live in the wilderness than with a contentious and fretful woman” (Proverbs 21:19). And from the wilderness it ascended and rested in its place in Heaven, as it is written: “I will go and return to My place until they acknowledge their guilt” (Hosea 5:15).

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים נִתְעַכְּבָה שְׁכִינָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁמָּא יַחְזְרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא חָזְרוּ — אָמַר: תִּיפַּח עַצְמָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעֵינֵי רְשָׁעִים תִּכְלֶינָה וּמָנוֹס אָבַד מִנְהֶם וְתִקְוָתָם מַפַּח נָפֶשׁ״.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said: For six months the Divine Presence lingered in the wilderness, waiting for the Jewish people, hoping that perhaps they would repent and it would be able to return to its place. When they did not repent, the Divine Presence said: Let them despair and be lost, as it is stated: “But the eyes of the wicked shall fail, and they shall have no way to flee, and their hope shall be the drooping of the soul” (Job 11:20). This concludes the discussion of the ten stages of the exile of the Divine Presence from the Holy of Holies.

וּכְנֶגְדָּן גָּלְתָה סַנְהֶדְרִין, מִגְּמָרָא: מִלִּשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית לַחֲנוּת, וּמֵחֲנוּת לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וּמִירוּשָׁלַיִם לְיַבְנֶה,

And corresponding to these ten stages, the Sanhedrin was exiled in ten stages at the end of the Second Temple period and after the destruction of the Temple, and this is known from tradition: From the Chamber of Hewn Stone, its fixed seat in the Temple, to Ḥanut , literally, shop, a designated spot on the Temple Mount outside the Temple proper; and from Ḥanut to Jerusalem; and from Jerusalem to Yavne;