Moed Katan 27a

אִם יָכוֹל לְמַעֵט בְּעִסְקוֹ — יְמַעֵט, וְאִם לָאו — יְגַלְגֵּל עִמָּהֶן.

if he can reduce his business, he should reduce it; and if not, he may carry on with them, i.e., his business partners. He may act in partnership with the members of the group with which he is traveling, but he may not engage in business independently.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מֵאֵימָתַי כּוֹפִין אֶת הַמִּטּוֹת — מִשֶּׁיֵּצֵא מִפֶּתַח בֵּיתוֹ, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר: מִשֶּׁיִּסָּתֵם הַגּוֹלֵל.

§ The Sages taught the following baraita : From when do the mourners overturn their beds? From when the corpse is taken out of the opening of his house; this is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer. Rabbi Yehoshua says: From when the tomb is sealed with the grave cover.

מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁמֵּת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצָא מִפֶּתַח בֵּיתוֹ אָמַר לָהֶם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: כְּפוּ מִטּוֹתֵיכֶם. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנִּסְתַּם הַגּוֹלֵל, אָמַר לָהֶם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: כְּפוּ מִטּוֹתֵיכֶם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: כְּבָר כָּפִינוּ עַל פִּי זָקֵן.

There was an incident in which the Nasi Rabban Gamliel the Elder died, and once his body left the opening of his house, Rabbi Eliezer said to the members of the household: Overturn your beds. And once the tomb was sealed with the grave cover, Rabbi Yehoshua said to them: Overturn your beds. They then said to him: We already overturned them in accordance with the Elder, i.e., Rabbi Eliezer.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מֵאֵימָתַי זוֹקְפִין אֶת הַמִּטּוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת — מִן הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר הוּנָא: אַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינוֹ יוֹשֵׁב עָלֶיהָ עַד שֶׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ. וּלְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ לֵישֵׁב אֶלָּא יוֹם אֶחָד — חוֹזֵר וְכוֹפֶה.

The Sages taught in a baraita : From when do the mourners stand their beds upright on Friday; as the rites of mourning are not observed on Shabbat, and the beds must be returned to their ordinary position beforehand? From minḥa time onward. Rabba bar Huna said: Even so, one may not sit down on his upright bed immediately. Rather, he must wait until it becomes dark to do so. And at the conclusion of Shabbat, even if he has only one more day to sit in mourning, i.e., his period of mourning concludes on Sunday, he must once again overturn his bed.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַכּוֹפֶה מִטָּתוֹ, לֹא מִטָּתוֹ בִּלְבַד הוּא כּוֹפֶה, אֶלָּא כׇּל מִטּוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ הוּא כּוֹפֶה. וַאֲפִילּוּ יֵשׁ לוֹ עֶשֶׂר מִטּוֹת בַּעֲשָׂרָה מְקוֹמוֹת — כּוֹפֶה אֶת כּוּלָּן. וַאֲפִילּוּ חֲמִשָּׁה אַחִין וּמֵת אֶחָד — כּוּלָּן כּוֹפִין.

The Sages taught in a baraita : With regard to one who is in mourning and must overturn his bed, he overturns not only his own bed, but rather he overturns all the beds he has in his house. And even if he has ten beds in ten different places, he overturns them all. And even if there are five brothers and one of them died, all of them overturn their beds wherever they live.

וְאִם הָיְתָה מִטָּה הַמְיוּחֶדֶת לְכֵלִים — אֵין צָרִיךְ לִכְפּוֹתָהּ. דַּרְגֵּשׁ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לִכְפּוֹתוֹ, אֶלָּא זוֹקְפוֹ. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: דַּרְגֵּשׁ מַתִּיר אֶת קַרְבִּיטָיו וְהוּא נוֹפֵל מֵאֵילָיו.

If, however, it is a bed designated for the storage of garments and not for sleeping, he is not required to overturn it. It is also not necessary to overturn a dargash , but rather he stands it upright. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: With regard to a dargash , one loosens its loops [ karbitav ], which hold up the pillows, and it falls on its own.

מַאי דַּרְגֵּשׁ? אָמַר עוּלָּא: עַרְסָא דְגַדָּא.

The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the word dargash ? Ulla said: It is a good- luck [ gada ] bed, as it was common to have ornamental beds for good luck, which were not used for sleeping.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבָּה: אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה גַּבֵּי מֶלֶךְ, דִּתְנַן: כׇּל הָעָם מְסוּבִּים עַל הָאָרֶץ, וְהוּא מֵיסֵב עַל הַדַּרְגֵּשׁ. מִי אִיכָּא מִידֵּי דְּעַד הָאִידָּנָא לָא אוֹתְבִינֵּיהּ, וְהַשְׁתָּא מוֹתְבִינַן לֵיהּ?

Rabba said to him: However, if that is so, then the following statement with regard to a king is difficult, as we learned in a mishna ( Sanhedrin 20a): When the mourner’s meal is served to the king and his family, all the people recline on the ground, and he, the king, due to his honor, reclines on a dargash . Is there anything upon which we would not have seated him until now, when he was not a mourner, but now, specifically during the mourning period, we seat him on it?

מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב אָשֵׁי: מַאי קוּשְׁיָא? מִידֵּי דְּהָוֵה אַאֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה, דְּעַד הָאִידָּנָא לָא אוֹכְלִינֵּיהּ וְלָא אַשְׁקִינֵּיהּ, הַשְׁתָּא אוֹכְלִינֵּיהּ וְאַשְׁקִינֵּיהּ!

Rav Ashi strongly objects to this: What is the difficulty raised by Rabba? One can answer: The halakha is just as it is in the case of eating and drinking, that until now, before one became a mourner, we did not feed him or give him drink, but now that he is a mourner we feed him and give him drink during the first meal after the burial.

אֶלָּא, אִי קַשְׁיָא — הָא קַשְׁיָא, דִּתְנַן: דַּרְגֵּשׁ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְפּוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא זוֹקְפוֹ. וְאִי עַרְסָא דְגַדָּא, אַמַּאי אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְפּוֹתוֹ? הָא תְּנַן: הַכּוֹפֶה מִטָּתוֹ, לֹא מִטָּתוֹ בִּלְבַד הוּא כּוֹפֶה, אֶלָּא כׇּל מִטּוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ כּוֹפֶה!

Rather, if it is difficult, this is difficult, as we learned in a baraita : It is not necessary to overturn a dargash , but rather he stands it upright. But if it is a good- luck bed, why is it not necessary to overturn it? Didn’t we learn: One who is in mourning and must overturn his bed overturns not only his own bed, but rather he overturns all the beds in his house, including this good luck bed?

וּמַאי קַשְׁיָא? מִידֵּי דְּהָוֵה אַמִּטָּה הַמְיוּחֶדֶת לְכֵלִים. דְּתַנְיָא: אִם הָיְתָה מִטָּה הַמְיוּחֶדֶת לְכֵלִים — אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְפּוֹתָהּ.

The Gemara rejects this: And what is difficult in this? One can answer: The halakha is just as it is in the case of a bed designated for the storage of garments, as it is taught in a baraita : If it is a bed designated for the storage of garments, and not for sleeping, one is not required to overturn it. So too, one is not required to overturn a dargash , as it is a bed that is not used for sleeping.

אֶלָּא, אִי קַשְׁיָא הָא קַשְׁיָא: רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: דַּרְגֵּשׁ, מַתִּיר קַרְבִּיטָיו וְהוּא נוֹפֵל מֵאֵילָיו. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ עַרְסָא דְגַדָּא, מַאי קַרְבִּיטִין אִית לֵיהּ?

Rather if it is difficult, this is the difficulty: It was taught in a baraita : Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: With regard to a dargash , one loosens the loops that hold up the pillows, and it falls on its own. And if it enters your mind to say that a dargash is a good- luck bed, it is like other beds, so what loops does it have?

כִּי אֲתָא רָבִין אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מֵרַבָּנַן, וְרַב תַּחְלִיפָא בַּר מַעְרְבָא שְׁמֵיהּ, דַּהֲוָה שְׁכִיחַ בְּשׁוּקָא דְגִילְדָּאֵי: מַאי דַּרְגֵּשׁ — עַרְסָא דְצַלָּא.

When Ravin came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, one of the Sages, whose name was Rav Taḥalifa from the West, and who was frequently found in the market of leather workers, said to him: What is a dargash ? It is a leather bed.

אִיתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: דַּרְגֵּשׁ — סֵירוּגוֹ מִתּוֹכוֹ, מִטָּה — סֵירוּגָהּ עַל גַּבָּהּ.

It was also stated that Rabbi Yirmeya said: A dargash has its interlacing from the inside, i.e., attached to loops that go through holes that are made in the bed frame itself; whereas a bed has its interlacing from the outside, i.e., the strapping itself is looped around the wood of the frame, and therefore it cannot be loosened.

אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַחָא אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל. אִיתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַחָא אָמַר רַבִּי אַסִּי: מִטָּה שֶׁנַּקְלִיטֶיהָ יוֹצְאִין — זוֹקְפָהּ וְדַיּוֹ.

Rabbi Ya’akov bar Aḥa said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel with regard to a dargash . It was also stated that Rabbi Ya’akov bar Aḥa said in the name of Rabbi Asi: A bed whose posts [ naklitin ] extend, meaning that they are very long so that the bed will remain high off the ground even if it is overturned, may be stood upright and that is sufficient. That is to say, one is not required to overturn such a bed.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: יָשֵׁן עַל גַּבֵּי כִּסֵּא, עַל גַּבֵּי אוּדְיָינִי גְּדוֹלָה, עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע — לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שֶׁלֹּא קִיֵּים כְּפִיַּית הַמִּטָּה.

The Sages taught the following baraita : If the mourner sleeps on a chair, or on a large overturned mortar, or on the ground, he does not fulfill his obligation, even though he is uncomfortable while sleeping. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This is because he did not fulfill the mitzva of overturning the bed.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מְכַבְּדִין וּמַרְבִּיצִין בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל, וּמְדִיחִין קְעָרוֹת וְכוֹסוֹת וּצְלוֹחִיּוֹת וְקִיתוֹנִיּוֹת בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל. וְאֵין מְבִיאִין אֶת הַמּוּגְמָר וְאֶת הַבְּשָׂמִים לְבֵית הָאֵבֶל.

The Sages taught another baraita : One may sweep and sprinkle water on a dirt floor in the house of a mourner, and one may wash bowls, cups, jugs, and pitchers in the house of a mourner. But one may not bring incense or fragrant spices into the house of a mourner.

אִינִי? וְהָא תָּנֵי בַּר קַפָּרָא: אֵין מְבָרְכִין לֹא עַל הַמּוּגְמָר וְלֹא עַל הַבְּשָׂמִים בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל. בָּרוֹכֵי הוּא דְּלָא מְבָרְכִין, הָא אֵתוֹיֵי — מַיְיתִינַן!

The Gemara asks: Is that so? But doesn’t bar Kappara teach the following baraita : One may not recite a blessing either over incense or over fragrant spices in the house of a mourner? From this one may infer that one may not recite a blessing over these incense or spices, but one may bring them into the house of the mourner. This appears to contradict the previous baraita .

לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא — בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל, הָא — בְּבֵית הַמְנַחֲמִין.

The Gemara explains: It is not difficult. Here, the baraita is referring to the house of a mourner, into which spices should not be taken; there, the baraita that states that one may not recite a blessing over them, is referring to the house of the consolers, his relatives, into which spices may be brought.

מַתְנִי׳ אֵין מוֹלִיכִין לְבֵית הָאֵבֶל, לֹא בְּטַבְלָא, וְלֹא בְּאִסְקוּטְלָא, וְלֹא בְּקָנוֹן, אֶלָּא בְּסַלִּים. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים בִּרְכַּת אֲבֵלִים בַּמּוֹעֵד, אֲבָל עוֹמְדִין בְּשׁוּרָה וּמְנַחֲמִין, וּפוֹטְרִין אֶת הָרַבִּים.

MISHNA: One does not bring the first meal after the burial to the house of mourning on a small tray [ tavla ], in a bowl [ iskutla ], or in a narrow-mouthed basket [ kanon ], but rather in ordinary baskets. And the mourners’ blessing is not recited on the intermediate days of a Festival, but the consolers may stand in a row when the mourners leave the cemetery and console them. And the mourners dismiss the many consolers, by telling them that they may return home after they have fulfilled the mitzva of consoling the mourners.

אֵין מַנִּיחִין אֶת הַמִּטָּה בָּרְחוֹב, שֶׁלֹּא לְהַרְגִּיל אֶת הַהֶסְפֵּד. וְלֹא שֶׁל נָשִׁים לְעוֹלָם, מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד.

The bier of the deceased is not set down in the street during the intermediate days of a Festival so as not to encourage eulogies. On an ordinary weekday, people would gather in the street around the bier to eulogize the deceased, but this should be avoided during the intermediate days of the Festival. And the biers of women are never set down, even if it is not the intermediate days of a Festival, due to their honor. Blood might drip from their bodies, and it would cause them dishonor if their blood stained the street.

גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיוּ מוֹלִיכִין בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל, עֲשִׁירִים — בִּקְלָתוֹת שֶׁל כֶּסֶף וְשֶׁל זָהָב, וַעֲנִיִּים — בְּסַלֵּי נְצָרִים שֶׁל עֲרָבָה קְלוּפָה, וְהָיוּ עֲנִיִּים מִתְבַּיְּישִׁים. הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ הַכֹּל מְבִיאִין בְּסַלֵּי נְצָרִים שֶׁל עֲרָבָה קְלוּפָה, מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹדָן שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים.

GEMARA: The Sages taught the following baraita : At first, the meal after the burial would be brought to the house of the mourner in various ways. The wealthy would bring the meal in baskets of silver and gold, and the poor would bring it in baskets of peeled willow branches. And the poor were embarrassed, as everyone would see that they were poor. The Sages instituted that everyone should bring the meal in baskets of peeled willow branches, due to the honor of the poor.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיוּ מַשְׁקִין בְּבֵית הָאֵבֶל, עֲשִׁירִים — בִּזְכוּכִית לְבָנָה, וַעֲנִיִּים — בִּזְכוּכִית צְבוּעָה, וְהָיוּ עֲנִיִּים מִתְבַּיְּישִׁין. הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ הַכֹּל מַשְׁקִין בִּזְכוּכִית צְבוּעָה, מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹדָן שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים.

The Sages taught a similar baraita : At first, they would serve wine in the house of the mourner during the first meal after the burial; the wealthy would do so in cups made from white glass, and the poor would serve this wine in cups of colored glass. And the poor were embarrassed, as everyone would see that they were poor. The Sages instituted that all should serve drinks in the house of the mourner in colored glass cups, due to the honor of the poor.

בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיוּ מְגַלִּין פְּנֵי עֲשִׁירִים וּמְכַסִּין פְּנֵי עֲנִיִּים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מוּשְׁחָרִין פְּנֵיהֶן מִפְּנֵי בַצּוֹרֶת, וְהָיוּ עֲנִיִּים מִתְבַּיְּישִׁין. הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ מְכַסִּין פְּנֵי הַכֹּל, מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹדָן שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים.

Furthermore, at first they would uncover the faces of the wealthy who passed away and cover the faces of the poor, because their faces were blackened by famine. And the poor were embarrassed because they were buried in a different manner. The Sages instituted that everyone’s face should be covered, due to the honor of the poor.

בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיוּ מוֹצִיאִין עֲשִׁירִים בְּדַרְגֵּשׁ, וַעֲנִיִּים

Additionally, at first the wealthy would take the deceased out for burial on a dargash , and the poor would take the deceased out