Commentary page
Job 18
This page gathers the commentary on one source unit: the classic commentaries as they are printed, the sources the text cites, the sages named in it and direct links back to the text.
Read the full text in the readerJob Chapter 18
Job Chapter 18 presents 21 verses in a searchable Hebrew text unit. This original reading guide identifies observable themes and a practical path through the chapter without adding an unverified interpretation.
Text map
Begin with the opening verses, notice repetitions and transitions, then use the verse index to return to the exact line. The verse index is especially useful for following repeated words and changes in scene or voice.
Reading lens
Read the passage once for its sequence of ideas, then return to the words that carry the argument or image. The source text remains the primary evidence; this note offers a structured way to enter it rather than replacing close reading.
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Lessons and study tools
A unit-by-unit map of all 21 verses on this page: opening words, the moves the text actually makes and a link back to that exact verse.
- Verse 14 words
Opens “וַ֭יַּעַן בִּלְדַּ֥ד הַשֻּׁחִ֗י וַיֹּאמַֽר׃…”
- Verse 27 words
Opens “עַד־אָ֤נָה׀ תְּשִׂימ֣וּן קִנְצֵ֣י לְמִלִּ֑ין תָּ֝בִ֗ינוּ וְאַחַ֥ר נְדַבֵּֽר׃…”
- Verse 35 words
Opens “מַ֭דּוּעַ נֶחְשַׁ֣בְנוּ כַבְּהֵמָ֑ה נִ֝טְמִ֗ינוּ בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃…”
- Verse 48 words
Opens “טֹרֵ֥ף נַפְשׁ֗וֹ בְּאַ֫פּ֥וֹ הַֽ֭לְמַעַנְךָ תֵּעָ֣זַב אָ֑רֶץ וְיֶעְתַּק־צ֝֗וּר…”
- Verse 57 words
Opens “גַּ֤ם א֣וֹר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָ֑ךְ וְלֹא־יִ֝גַּ֗הּ שְׁבִ֣יב אִשּֽׁוֹ׃…”
- Verse 66 words
Opens “א֭וֹר חָשַׁ֣ךְ בְּאׇהֳל֑וֹ וְ֝נֵר֗וֹ עָלָ֥יו יִדְעָֽךְ׃…”
- Verse 75 words
Opens “יֵ֭צְרוּ צַעֲדֵ֣י אוֹנ֑וֹ וְֽתַשְׁלִיכֵ֥הוּ עֲצָתֽוֹ׃…”
- Verse 85 words
Opens “כִּֽי־שֻׁלַּ֣ח בְּרֶ֣שֶׁת בְּרַגְלָ֑יו וְעַל־שְׂ֝בָכָ֗ה יִתְהַלָּֽךְ׃…”
- Verse 96 words
Opens “יֹאחֵ֣ז בְּעָקֵ֣ב פָּ֑ח יַחֲזֵ֖ק עָלָ֣יו צַמִּֽים׃…”
- Verse 106 words
Opens “טָמ֣וּן בָּאָ֣רֶץ חַבְל֑וֹ וּ֝מַלְכֻּדְתּ֗וֹ עֲלֵ֣י נָתִֽיב׃…”
- Verse 115 words
Opens “סָ֭בִיב בִּעֲתֻ֣הוּ בַלָּה֑וֹת וֶהֱפִיצֻ֥הוּ לְרַגְלָֽיו׃…”
- Verse 125 words
Opens “יְהִי־רָעֵ֥ב אֹנ֑וֹ וְ֝אֵ֗יד נָכ֥וֹן לְצַלְעֽוֹ׃…”
- Verse 137 words
Opens “יֹ֭אכַל בַּדֵּ֣י עוֹר֑וֹ יֹאכַ֥ל בַּ֝דָּ֗יו בְּכ֣וֹר מָֽוֶת׃…”
- Verse 146 words
Opens “יִנָּתֵ֣ק מֵ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְטַח֑וֹ וְ֝תַצְעִדֵ֗הוּ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ בַּלָּהֽוֹת׃…”
- Verse 156 words
Opens “תִּשְׁכּ֣וֹן בְּ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְּלִיל֑וֹ יְזֹרֶ֖ה עַל־נָוֵ֣הוּ גׇפְרִֽית׃…”
- Verse 166 words
Opens “מִ֭תַּחַת שׇׁרָשָׁ֣יו יִבָ֑שׁוּ וּ֝מִמַּ֗עַל יִמַּ֥ל קְצִירֽוֹ׃…”
- Verse 175 words
Opens “זִֽכְרוֹ־אָ֭בַד מִנִּי־אָ֑רֶץ וְלֹא־שֵׁ֥ם ל֝֗וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי־חֽוּץ׃…”
- Verse 185 words
Opens “יֶ֭הְדְּפֻהוּ מֵא֣וֹר אֶל־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ וּֽמִתֵּבֵ֥ל יְנִדֻּֽהוּ׃…”
- Verse 197 words
Opens “לֹ֘א־נִ֤ין ל֣וֹ וְלֹא־נֶ֣כֶד בְּעַמּ֑וֹ וְאֵ֥ין שָׂ֝רִ֗יד בִּמְגוּרָֽיו׃…”
- Verse 206 words
Opens “עַל־י֭וֹמוֹ נָשַׁ֣מּוּ אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃…”
- Verse 217 words
Opens “אַךְ־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁכְּנ֣וֹת עַוָּ֑ל וְ֝זֶ֗ה מְק֣וֹם לֹֽא־יָדַֽע־אֵֽל׃ {פ}…”
Rashi's commentary
Verse 2
(מענה בלדד) — קנצי. סוף:
תבינו — תשתקו להבין ולשמוע את אשר נדבר:
Verse 3
נטמינו בעיניכם — נחשבנו בעיניכם טמונין ואין יסוד בתיבה זו זולתי ט' מ' כמו טמונין פלשתאי, (בראשית כ״ו:ט״ו) תרגום של סתמום פלשתים, יש מפרשים לשון טמינה וטעות הוא בידם שא"כ צריכה התיבה שני נונין אחד ביסוד וא' בשמוש של רבים:
Verse 4
טורף נפשו — חוזר על איוב לך אני אומר הטורף ומחבל נפשו באפו ובכעסו:
הלמענך — הלמען צדקתך תעזב הארץ ממשפט מדתה:
ויעתק צור — היוצר (ממקומו) מדעתו וממדתו:
Verse 5
גם — עתה לפי צעקתך זאת תנהג לדורות:
אור רשעים ידעך — יקפץ ממקומו שביב. אשטנציל"א:
Verse 7
יצרו — יהיו קצרים צעדי כחו:
ותשליכהו — מעליו עצתו שיעץ אשר לא יתקיים:
Verse 8
כי וגו' — סופו אשר שולח ברשת (שולחו) רגליו לצעוד על הרשת וליתפש:
ועל שבכה יתהלך — היא רשת כל שבכה עשויה כמו רשת והוא קייפ"א שבראשי הנשים:
Verse 9
יאחז — יאחזנו בעקב פח:
Verse 10
טמון בארץ — תחת רגליו:
חבלו — חבל מצודתו אשר ילכד בה:
ומלכודתו — טמון עלי נתיבו כשם שטומנין חבל מלכודת לעופות:
Verse 11
בלהות — שדים:
והפיצוהו לרגליו — (ינפצהו) יחבטוהו על הארץ:
Verse 12
אונו — בנו:
לצלעו — אשתו:
Verse 13
יאכל בדי עורו — ויאכל כל שאר בדיו בניו ובנותיו:
בכור מות — שר המות כמו (תהילים פ״ט:כ״ח) אני בכור אתנהו:
Verse 14
ינתק מאהלו — מאשתו:
מבטחו — שהיא בטוחה בו, (מבטחו) מבטחת שלו שהיא בוטחת עליו:
ותצעדהו — והיא תצעידהו ותשלחהו (מעליה) לקבר למלך השדים:
Verse 15
תשכון באהלו — אלמנה:
מבלי לו — (שלא תהא שלו) שהרי מת, וסוף יזורה על נוהו גפרית:
Verse 18
יהדפוהו — מן השמים:
Verse 19
נכד — בן הבן:
Verse 20
נשמו אחרונים — תמהו בשומעם על איד אשר בא לו:
שער — לא יתכן להיות מגזרת שער שאין טעם שער (בשי"ן אלא בעין) ואינו נהפך לקמץ באתנחתא וסוף פסוק, ל"ש:
Verse 21
אלה משכנות עול — זה אחריתם:
Edition: On Your Way. License: Public Domain. Sefaria.
Malbim's commentary
Verse 1
The Tenth Oration — Bildad’s Speech in the Second Round
At the opening of his speech, Bildad rages over Job’s admission that he does not believe in, or at least doubts, the survival of the soul after death. For if this is so, man is no better than the animals; the death of the one being no different from the death of the other; all drawing the same breath (Ecclesiastes 3:19), In which case, why did God create man in His image, breathing a living soul into him (Genesis 2:7); one that knows and thinks? Viewed in this way, the human psyche is worthless and its presence in man is only to his own detriment; there, just to make him understand that his end is utter annihilation (Numbers 24:20). But since we see that God has endowed man with wondrous spiritual powers, the like of which are not found in the souls of the other animals, it is clear that this is the essential feature of man and that his soul does not perish with the mortal body but lives on eternally, for ever.
Thus, he reformulates his thesis concerning the prosperity of the wicked, as follows: In his opinion, the essence of prosperity is in the very fact of being a human being. From which it follows, that it is the well-being of the soul that matters, for it is this that distinguishes man from the beasts. It is not physical well-being that matters, for man's body is just like that of the animals. Hence, the prosperity that a wicked person achieves in this world through material possessions, those that are intended only for bodily enjoyment, is not real prosperity. Accordingly, he explains that a wicked person’s punishment is that nothing will remain of him or of his existence, for his spiritual soul will be cut off and doomed; never to be illumined in eternal bliss with the light of the living (Job 33:30). Nothing of his will endure, neither his children, his name nor his remembrances on earth, and this is the most horrifying punishment of all. By contrast, a righteous person has both a name and continuance in this world and a perpetuity in his death, for his soul will be in eternal bliss (Psalms 16:11), there to be compensated for the suffering he endured in this world.
In this way he consummates the hypothesis he had put forward regarding the reason for the suffering of the righteous, namely, that it is a contingent of an exchange. Job had parried and rebutted this notion strenuously. However, his arguments are only pertinent if the exchange takes place in this world; that it is here that God rewards the person with good in compensation for the bad he has suffered, and not in the Hereafter. But if He compensates the person with an everlasting spiritual reward that is bestowed on his eternal soul, granting him eternal bliss in recompense for the temporary suffering, Job's submissions fail, and the Lord's justice is vindicated along with Him (Psalms 19:10). Thus, all of Job's responses are rebutted; all gone up in smoke (Psalms 37:20).
Verse 3
Job’s anguish has unbalanced him — How else can his denial of the survival of the soul after the death of the body be explained? For if human beings are just mortal and their souls perish at death, then man is reduced to the level of being just another animal.
Verse 5
Only the souls of the obstinately wicked die, perishing eternally with his physical demise..
Edition: Malbim's Job, trans. Jeremy I. Pfeffer. Ktav, 2003. License: CC-BY. Sefaria.
Original text
עַד־אָ֤נָה׀ תְּשִׂימ֣וּן קִנְצֵ֣י לְמִלִּ֑ין תָּ֝בִ֗ינוּ וְאַחַ֥ר נְדַבֵּֽר׃
How long? Put an end to talk! Consider, and then we shall speak.
מַ֭דּוּעַ נֶחְשַׁ֣בְנוּ כַבְּהֵמָ֑ה נִ֝טְמִ֗ינוּ בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃
Why are we thought of as brutes, Regarded by you as stupid?
טֹרֵ֥ף נַפְשׁ֗וֹ בְּאַ֫פּ֥וֹ הַֽ֭לְמַעַנְךָ תֵּעָ֣זַב אָ֑רֶץ וְיֶעְתַּק־צ֝֗וּר מִמְּקֹמֽוֹ׃
You who tear yourself to pieces in anger— Will earth’s order be disrupted for your sake? Will rocks be dislodged from their place?
גַּ֤ם א֣וֹר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָ֑ךְ וְלֹא־יִ֝גַּ֗הּ שְׁבִ֣יב אִשּֽׁוֹ׃
Indeed, the light of the wicked fails; The flame of his fire does not shine.
א֭וֹר חָשַׁ֣ךְ בְּאׇהֳל֑וֹ וְ֝נֵר֗וֹ עָלָ֥יו יִדְעָֽךְ׃
The light in his tent darkens; His lamp fails him.
יֵ֭צְרוּ צַעֲדֵ֣י אוֹנ֑וֹ וְֽתַשְׁלִיכֵ֥הוּ עֲצָתֽוֹ׃
His iniquitous strides are hobbled; His schemes overthrow him.
כִּֽי־שֻׁלַּ֣ח בְּרֶ֣שֶׁת בְּרַגְלָ֑יו וְעַל־שְׂ֝בָכָ֗ה יִתְהַלָּֽךְ׃
He is led by his feet into the net; He walks onto the toils.
יֹאחֵ֣ז בְּעָקֵ֣ב פָּ֑ח יַחֲזֵ֖ק עָלָ֣יו צַמִּֽים׃
The trap seizes his heel; The noose tightens on him.
טָמ֣וּן בָּאָ֣רֶץ חַבְל֑וֹ וּ֝מַלְכֻּדְתּ֗וֹ עֲלֵ֣י נָתִֽיב׃
The rope for him lies hidden on the ground; His snare, on the path.
סָ֭בִיב בִּעֲתֻ֣הוּ בַלָּה֑וֹת וֶהֱפִיצֻ֥הוּ לְרַגְלָֽיו׃
Terrors assault him on all sides And send his feet flying.
יְהִי־רָעֵ֥ב אֹנ֑וֹ וְ֝אֵ֗יד נָכ֥וֹן לְצַלְעֽוֹ׃
His progeny hunger; Disaster awaits his wife.
יֹ֭אכַל בַּדֵּ֣י עוֹר֑וֹ יֹאכַ֥ל בַּ֝דָּ֗יו בְּכ֣וֹר מָֽוֶת׃
The tendons under his skin are consumed; Death’s first-born consumes his tendons.
יִנָּתֵ֣ק מֵ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְטַח֑וֹ וְ֝תַצְעִדֵ֗הוּ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ בַּלָּהֽוֹת׃
He is torn from the safety of his tent; Terror marches him to the king.
תִּשְׁכּ֣וֹן בְּ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְּלִיל֑וֹ יְזֹרֶ֖ה עַל־נָוֵ֣הוּ גׇפְרִֽית׃
It lodges in his desolate tent; Sulfur is strewn upon his home.
מִ֭תַּחַת שׇׁרָשָׁ֣יו יִבָ֑שׁוּ וּ֝מִמַּ֗עַל יִמַּ֥ל קְצִירֽוֹ׃
His roots below dry up, And above, his branches wither.
זִֽכְרוֹ־אָ֭בַד מִנִּי־אָ֑רֶץ וְלֹא־שֵׁ֥ם ל֝֗וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי־חֽוּץ׃
All mention of him vanishes from the earth; He has no name abroad.
יֶ֭הְדְּפֻהוּ מֵא֣וֹר אֶל־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ וּֽמִתֵּבֵ֥ל יְנִדֻּֽהוּ׃
He is thrust from light to darkness, Driven from the world.
לֹ֘א־נִ֤ין ל֣וֹ וְלֹא־נֶ֣כֶד בְּעַמּ֑וֹ וְאֵ֥ין שָׂ֝רִ֗יד בִּמְגוּרָֽיו׃
He has no seed or breed among his people, No survivor where he once lived.
עַל־י֭וֹמוֹ נָשַׁ֣מּוּ אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃
Generations to come will be appalled at his fate, As the previous ones are seized with horror.
אַךְ־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁכְּנ֣וֹת עַוָּ֑ל וְ֝זֶ֗ה מְק֣וֹם לֹֽא־יָדַֽע־אֵֽל׃ {פ}
“These were the haunts of the wicked; Here was the place of someone who knew not God.”
English translation: THE JPS TANAKH: Gender-Sensitive Edition · CC-BY-NC