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    Job 18

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    Tanakh · chapter reading guide

    Job Chapter 18

    Job Chapter 18 presents 21 verses in a searchable Hebrew text unit. This original reading guide identifies observable themes and a practical path through the chapter without adding an unverified interpretation.

    Rashi's commentary

    1. Verse 2

      (מענה בלדד) - קנצי. סוף:

      תבינו - תשתקו להבין ולשמוע את אשר נדבר:

    2. Verse 3

      נטמינו בעיניכם - נחשבנו בעיניכם טמונין ואין יסוד בתיבה זו זולתי ט' מ' כמו טמונין פלשתאי, (בראשית כ״ו:ט״ו) תרגום של סתמום פלשתים, יש מפרשים לשון טמינה וטעות הוא בידם שא"כ צריכה התיבה שני נונין אחד ביסוד וא' בשמוש של רבים:

    3. Verse 4

      טורף נפשו - חוזר על איוב לך אני אומר הטורף ומחבל נפשו באפו ובכעסו:

      הלמענך - הלמען צדקתך תעזב הארץ ממשפט מדתה:

      ויעתק צור - היוצר (ממקומו) מדעתו וממדתו:

    4. Verse 5

      גם - עתה לפי צעקתך זאת תנהג לדורות:

      אור רשעים ידעך - יקפץ ממקומו שביב. אשטנציל"א:

    5. Verse 7

      יצרו - יהיו קצרים צעדי כחו:

      ותשליכהו - מעליו עצתו שיעץ אשר לא יתקיים:

    6. Verse 8

      כי וגו' - סופו אשר שולח ברשת (שולחו) רגליו לצעוד על הרשת וליתפש:

      ועל שבכה יתהלך - היא רשת כל שבכה עשויה כמו רשת והוא קייפ"א שבראשי הנשים:

    7. Verse 9

      יאחז - יאחזנו בעקב פח:

    8. Verse 10

      טמון בארץ - תחת רגליו:

      חבלו - חבל מצודתו אשר ילכד בה:

      ומלכודתו - טמון עלי נתיבו כשם שטומנין חבל מלכודת לעופות:

    9. Verse 11

      בלהות - שדים:

      והפיצוהו לרגליו - (ינפצהו) יחבטוהו על הארץ:

    10. Verse 12

      אונו - בנו:

      לצלעו - אשתו:

    11. Verse 13

      יאכל בדי עורו - ויאכל כל שאר בדיו בניו ובנותיו:

      בכור מות - שר המות כמו (תהילים פ״ט:כ״ח) אני בכור אתנהו:

    12. Verse 14

      ינתק מאהלו - מאשתו:

      מבטחו - שהיא בטוחה בו, (מבטחו) מבטחת שלו שהיא בוטחת עליו:

      ותצעדהו - והיא תצעידהו ותשלחהו (מעליה) לקבר למלך השדים:

    13. Verse 15

      תשכון באהלו - אלמנה:

      מבלי לו - (שלא תהא שלו) שהרי מת, וסוף יזורה על נוהו גפרית:

    14. Verse 18

      יהדפוהו - מן השמים:

    15. Verse 19

      נכד - בן הבן:

    16. Verse 20

      נשמו אחרונים - תמהו בשומעם על איד אשר בא לו:

      שער - לא יתכן להיות מגזרת שער שאין טעם שער (בשי"ן אלא בעין) ואינו נהפך לקמץ באתנחתא וסוף פסוק, ל"ש:

    17. Verse 21

      אלה משכנות עול - זה אחריתם:

    Edition: On Your Way. License: Public Domain. Sefaria.

    Malbim's commentary

    1. Verse 1

      The Tenth Oration - Bildad’s Speech in the Second Round

      At the opening of his speech, Bildad rages over Job’s admission that he does not believe in, or at least doubts, the survival of the soul after death. For if this is so, man is no better than the animals; the death of the one being no different from the death of the other; all drawing the same breath (Ecclesiastes 3:19), In which case, why did God create man in His image, breathing a living soul into him (Genesis 2:7); one that knows and thinks? Viewed in this way, the human psyche is worthless and its presence in man is only to his own detriment; there, just to make him understand that his end is utter annihilation (Numbers 24:20). But since we see that God has endowed man with wondrous spiritual powers, the like of which are not found in the souls of the other animals, it is clear that this is the essential feature of man and that his soul does not perish with the mortal body but lives on eternally, for ever.

      Thus, he reformulates his thesis concerning the prosperity of the wicked, as follows: In his opinion, the essence of prosperity is in the very fact of being a human being. From which it follows, that it is the well-being of the soul that matters, for it is this that distinguishes man from the beasts. It is not physical well-being that matters, for man's body is just like that of the animals. Hence, the prosperity that a wicked person achieves in this world through material possessions, those that are intended only for bodily enjoyment, is not real prosperity. Accordingly, he explains that a wicked person’s punishment is that nothing will remain of him or of his existence, for his spiritual soul will be cut off and doomed; never to be illumined in eternal bliss with the light of the living (Job 33:30). Nothing of his will endure, neither his children, his name nor his remembrances on earth, and this is the most horrifying punishment of all. By contrast, a righteous person has both a name and continuance in this world and a perpetuity in his death, for his soul will be in eternal bliss (Psalms 16:11), there to be compensated for the suffering he endured in this world.

      In this way he consummates the hypothesis he had put forward regarding the reason for the suffering of the righteous, namely, that it is a contingent of an exchange. Job had parried and rebutted this notion strenuously. However, his arguments are only pertinent if the exchange takes place in this world; that it is here that God rewards the person with good in compensation for the bad he has suffered, and not in the Hereafter. But if He compensates the person with an everlasting spiritual reward that is bestowed on his eternal soul, granting him eternal bliss in recompense for the temporary suffering, Job's submissions fail, and the Lord's justice is vindicated along with Him (Psalms 19:10). Thus, all of Job's responses are rebutted; all gone up in smoke (Psalms 37:20).

    2. Verse 3

      Job’s anguish has unbalanced him - How else can his denial of the survival of the soul after the death of the body be explained? For if human beings are just mortal and their souls perish at death, then man is reduced to the level of being just another animal.

    3. Verse 5

      Only the souls of the obstinately wicked die, perishing eternally with his physical demise..

    Edition: Malbim's Job, trans. Jeremy I. Pfeffer. Ktav, 2003. License: CC-BY. Sefaria.

    Original text

    וַ֭יַּעַן בִּלְדַּ֥ד הַשֻּׁחִ֗י וַיֹּאמַֽר׃

    Then Bildad the Shuhite said in reply:

    עַד־אָ֤נָה׀ תְּשִׂימ֣וּן קִנְצֵ֣י לְמִלִּ֑ין תָּ֝בִ֗ינוּ וְאַחַ֥ר נְדַבֵּֽר׃

    How long? Put an end to talk! Consider, and then we shall speak.

    מַ֭דּוּעַ נֶחְשַׁ֣בְנוּ כַבְּהֵמָ֑ה נִ֝טְמִ֗ינוּ בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃

    Why are we thought of as brutes, Regarded by you as stupid?

    טֹרֵ֥ף נַפְשׁ֗וֹ בְּאַ֫פּ֥וֹ הַֽ֭לְמַעַנְךָ תֵּעָ֣זַב אָ֑רֶץ וְיֶעְתַּק־צ֝֗וּר מִמְּקֹמֽוֹ׃

    You who tear yourself to pieces in anger— Will earth’s order be disrupted for your sake? Will rocks be dislodged from their place?

    גַּ֤ם א֣וֹר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָ֑ךְ וְלֹא־יִ֝גַּ֗הּ שְׁבִ֣יב אִשּֽׁוֹ׃

    Indeed, the light of the wicked fails; The flame of his fire does not shine.

    א֭וֹר חָשַׁ֣ךְ בְּאׇהֳל֑וֹ וְ֝נֵר֗וֹ עָלָ֥יו יִדְעָֽךְ׃

    The light in his tent darkens; His lamp fails him.

    יֵ֭צְרוּ צַעֲדֵ֣י אוֹנ֑וֹ וְֽתַשְׁלִיכֵ֥הוּ עֲצָתֽוֹ׃

    His iniquitous strides are hobbled; His schemes overthrow him.

    כִּֽי־שֻׁלַּ֣ח בְּרֶ֣שֶׁת בְּרַגְלָ֑יו וְעַל־שְׂ֝בָכָ֗ה יִתְהַלָּֽךְ׃

    He is led by his feet into the net; He walks onto the toils.

    יֹאחֵ֣ז בְּעָקֵ֣ב פָּ֑ח יַחֲזֵ֖ק עָלָ֣יו צַמִּֽים׃

    The trap seizes his heel; The noose tightens on him.

    טָמ֣וּן בָּאָ֣רֶץ חַבְל֑וֹ וּ֝מַלְכֻּדְתּ֗וֹ עֲלֵ֣י נָתִֽיב׃

    The rope for him lies hidden on the ground; His snare, on the path.

    סָ֭בִיב בִּעֲתֻ֣הוּ בַלָּה֑וֹת וֶהֱפִיצֻ֥הוּ לְרַגְלָֽיו׃

    Terrors assault him on all sides And send his feet flying.

    יְהִי־רָעֵ֥ב אֹנ֑וֹ וְ֝אֵ֗יד נָכ֥וֹן לְצַלְעֽוֹ׃

    His progeny hunger; Disaster awaits his wife.

    יֹ֭אכַל בַּדֵּ֣י עוֹר֑וֹ יֹאכַ֥ל בַּ֝דָּ֗יו בְּכ֣וֹר מָֽוֶת׃

    The tendons under his skin are consumed; Death’s first-born consumes his tendons.

    יִנָּתֵ֣ק מֵ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְטַח֑וֹ וְ֝תַצְעִדֵ֗הוּ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ בַּלָּהֽוֹת׃

    He is torn from the safety of his tent; Terror marches him to the king.

    תִּשְׁכּ֣וֹן בְּ֭אׇהֳלוֹ מִבְּלִיל֑וֹ יְזֹרֶ֖ה עַל־נָוֵ֣הוּ גׇפְרִֽית׃

    It lodges in his desolate tent; Sulfur is strewn upon his home.

    מִ֭תַּחַת שׇׁרָשָׁ֣יו יִבָ֑שׁוּ וּ֝מִמַּ֗עַל יִמַּ֥ל קְצִירֽוֹ׃

    His roots below dry up, And above, his branches wither.

    זִֽכְרוֹ־אָ֭בַד מִנִּי־אָ֑רֶץ וְלֹא־שֵׁ֥ם ל֝֗וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי־חֽוּץ׃

    All mention of him vanishes from the earth; He has no name abroad.

    יֶ֭הְדְּפֻהוּ מֵא֣וֹר אֶל־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ וּֽמִתֵּבֵ֥ל יְנִדֻּֽהוּ׃

    He is thrust from light to darkness, Driven from the world.

    לֹ֘א־נִ֤ין ל֣וֹ וְלֹא־נֶ֣כֶד בְּעַמּ֑וֹ וְאֵ֥ין שָׂ֝רִ֗יד בִּמְגוּרָֽיו׃

    He has no seed or breed among his people, No survivor where he once lived.

    עַל־י֭וֹמוֹ נָשַׁ֣מּוּ אַחֲרֹנִ֑ים וְ֝קַדְמֹנִ֗ים אָ֣חֲזוּ שָֽׂעַר׃

    Generations to come will be appalled at his fate, As the previous ones are seized with horror.

    אַךְ־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁכְּנ֣וֹת עַוָּ֑ל וְ֝זֶ֗ה מְק֣וֹם לֹֽא־יָדַֽע־אֵֽל׃ {פ}

    “These were the haunts of the wicked; Here was the place of someone who knew not God.”

    English translation: THE JPS TANAKH: Gender-Sensitive Edition · CC-BY-NC