Sanhedrin 56a

בְּכׇל יוֹם דָּנִין אֶת הָעֵדִים בְּכִינּוּי, ״יַכֶּה יוֹסִי אֶת יוֹסִי״.

On every day of a blasphemer’s trial, when the judges judge the witnesses, i.e., interrogate the witnesses, they ask the witnesses to use an appellation for the name of God, so that they do not utter a curse of God’s name. Specifically, the witnesses would say: Let Yosei smite Yosei, as the name Yosei has four letters in Hebrew, as does the Tetragrammaton.

נִגְמַר הַדִּין, לֹא [הָיוּ] הוֹרְגִין בְּכִינּוּי, אֶלָּא מוֹצִיאִין כׇּל אָדָם לַחוּץ. שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶת הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ: ״אֱמוֹר מַה שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ בְּפֵירוּשׁ״. וְהוּא אוֹמֵר, וְהַדַּיָּינִין עוֹמְדִין עַל רַגְלֵיהֶן וְקוֹרְעִין, וְלֹא מְאַחִין.

When the judgment is over, and the court votes to deem the defendant guilty, they do not sentence him to death based on the testimony of the witnesses in which they used an appellation for the name of God, without having ever heard the exact wording of the curse. Rather, they remove all the people who are not required to be there from the court, so that the curse is not heard publicly, and the judges interrogate the eldest of the witnesses, and say to him: Say what you heard explicitly. And he says exactly what he heard. And the judges stand on their feet and make a tear in their garments, as an act of mourning for the desecration of the honor of God. And they do not ever fully stitch it back together again.

וְהַשֵּׁנִי אוֹמֵר: ״אַף אֲנִי כָּמוֹהוּ״, וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי אוֹמֵר: ״אַף אֲנִי כָּמוֹהוּ״.

And the second witness says: I too heard as he did, but he does not repeat the curse explicitly. And the third witness, in the event that there is one, says: I too heard as he did. In this manner, the repetition of the invective sentence is limited to what is absolutely necessary.

גְּמָ׳ תָּנָא: עַד שֶׁיְּבָרֵךְ שֵׁם בְּשֵׁם.

GEMARA: The Sage taught in a baraita : A blasphemer is not liable unless he blesses, a euphemism for curses, the name of God with the name of God, e.g., by saying: Let such and such a name strike such and such a name.

מְנָהָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: דְּאָמַר קְרָא ״וְנוֹקֵב שֵׁם וְגוֹ׳ בְּנׇקְבוֹ שֵׁם יוּמָת״.

The Gemara asks: From where is this matter derived? Shmuel says: It is derived from that which the verse states: “And he who blasphemes [ venokev ] the name of the Lord shall be put to death; all the congregation shall stone him; the convert as well as the homeborn, when he blasphemes [ benokvo ] the name, he shall be put to death” (Leviticus 24:16). It is derived from the repetition of the phrase “blasphemes the name” that the reference is to cursing the name of God with the name of God.

מִמַּאי דְּהַאי ״נוֹקֵב״ לִישָּׁנָא דְּבָרוֹכֵי הוּא? דִּכְתִיב: ״מָה אֶקֹּב לֹא קַבֹּה אֵל״. וְאַזְהַרְתֵּיהּ מֵהָכָא: ״אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְּקַלֵּל״.

The Gemara asks: From where is it derived that this word nokev is a term for blessing, i.e., cursing? The Gemara answers that it is derived from the statement of Balaam, who was sent by Balak to curse the Jewish people: “How shall I curse [ ekkov ] whom God has not cursed?” (Numbers 23:8). And the prohibition against cursing God is derived from here: “You shall not curse God” (Exodus 22:27).

וְאֵימָא: מִיבְרַז הוּא, דִּכְתִיב ״וַיִּקֹּב חֹר בְּדַלְתּוֹ״, וְאַזְהַרְתֵּיהּ מֵהָכָא: ״וְאִבַּדְתֶּם אֶת שְׁמָם... לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כֵּן לַה׳ אֱלֹהֵיכֶם״?

The Gemara asks: But say that perhaps the meaning of nokev is not cursing, but rather making a hole, as it is written: “And made a hole [ vayyikkov ] in its lid” (II Kings 12:10). According to this, the word nokev is referring to one who makes a hole and damages the written name of God. And the prohibition against doing so is derived from here: “And you shall destroy their name out of that place. You shall not do so to the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 12:3–4).

בָּעֵינָא שֵׁם בְּשֵׁם, וְלֵיכָּא.

The Gemara answers: It is derived from the repetition of nokev that for one to be liable, it is necessary that his transgression involve the name of God with the name of God, and such a transgression is not possible if the reference is to making a hole.

וְאֵימָא דְּמַנַּח שְׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת אַהֲדָדֵי, וּבָזַע לְהוּ? הַהוּא נוֹקֵב וְחוֹזֵר וְנוֹקֵב הוּא. וְאֵימָא דְּחָיֵיק שֵׁם אַפּוּמָּא דְסַכִּינָא, וּבָזַע בַּהּ? הַהוּא חוּרְפָּא דְסַכִּינָא הוּא דְּקָא בָזַע.

The Gemara challenges: But say that such a transgression is possible, as one can place two written names of God, one on top of the other, and tear through them at once. The Gemara explains: That would be defined as making a hole and again making a hole, not making a hole in one name by means of another name. The Gemara asks: But say that one can etch the name of God on the point of a knife and cut through another name with it. The Gemara answers: In that case, it is the point of the knife that is cutting, not the name of God.

אֵימָא: פָּרוֹשֵׁי שְׁמֵיהּ הוּא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן אֵת הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר נִקְּבוּ בְּשֵׁמוֹת״. וְאַזְהַרְתֵּיהּ מֵהָכָא: ״אֵת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא״.

The Gemara asks: Say that nokev means the utterance of the ineffable name of God. As it is written: “And Moses and Aaron took these men that are pointed out [ nikkevu ] by name” (Numbers 1:17). And the prohibition to do so is derived from here: “You shall fear the Lord, your God” (Deuteronomy 6:13).

חֲדָא, דְּבָעֵינָא שֵׁם בְּשֵׁם וְלֵיכָּא. וְעוֹד, הָוְיָא לֵיהּ אַזְהָרַת עֲשֵׂה, וְאַזְהָרַת עֲשֵׂה לָא שְׁמַהּ אַזְהָרָה.

The Gemara answers: One answer is that for one to be liable, it is necessary that his transgression involve the name of God with the name of God, and such a transgression is not possible if the reference is to uttering the ineffable name of God. Furthermore, the prohibition derived from the verse “You shall fear the Lord, your God” is a prohibition stated as a positive mitzva, and a prohibition stated as a positive mitzva is not considered a prohibition.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: אָמַר קְרָא ״וַיִּקֹּב... וַיְקַלֵּל״, לְמֵימְרָא דְּנוֹקֵב קְלָלָה הוּא.

The Gemara presents an alternative proof that nokev is referring to cursing: And if you wish, say instead that the verse states: “And the son of the Israelite woman blasphemed [ vayyikkov ] the name and cursed” (Leviticus 24:11). That is to say that the meaning of nokev is to curse.

וְדִילְמָא עַד דְּעָבֵד תַּרְוַיְיהוּ? לָא סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ, דִּכְתִיב: ״הוֹצֵא אֶת הַמְקַלֵּל״, וְלָא כְּתִיב: ״הוֹצֵא אֶת הַנֹּקֵב וְהַמְקַלֵּל״. שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ חֲדָא הִיא.

The Gemara asks: But perhaps this verse does not prove that the meaning of nokev is to curse; rather, it indicates that one is not liable to be executed unless he does both, i.e., both nokev and cursing God? The Gemara answers: This shall not enter your mind, as it is written: “Bring forth the one who cursed… and stone him” (Leviticus 24:14), and it is not written: Bring forth the nokev and one who cursed. Conclude from it that it is one act and not two.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אִישׁ״ – מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״אִישׁ אִישׁ״? לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַגּוֹיִם, שֶׁמּוּזְהָרִין עַל בִּרְכַּת הַשֵּׁם כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. וְאֵינָן נֶהֱרָגִין אֶלָּא בְּסַיִיף, שֶׁכׇּל מִיתָה הָאֲמוּרָה בִּבְנֵי נֹחַ אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא בְּסַיִיף.

§ The Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “Anyone who curses his God shall bear his sin” (Leviticus 24:15), that the verse could have stated: One [ ish ] who curses his God. Why must the verse state: “Anyone [ ish ish ]”? It is to include the gentiles, who are prohibited from blessing, i.e., cursing, the name of God, just like Jews are. And they are executed for this transgression by the sword alone, as all death penalties stated with regard to the descendants of Noah are by the sword alone.

וְהָא מֵהָכָא נָפְקָא? מֵהָתָם נָפְקָא: ״ה׳״ – זוֹ בִּרְכַּת הַשֵּׁם.

The Gemara asks: But is this halakha derived from here? Rather, it is derived from there: “And the Lord God commanded the man” (Genesis 2:16), as is stated in a baraita that will soon be quoted at length: “The Lord,” this is referring to the blessing, i.e., cursing, of the name of God. This verse concerns Adam, the first man, and is therefore binding on all of humanity.

אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק נַפָּחָא: לֹא נִצְרְכָא אֶלָּא לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַכִּינּוּיִין, וְאַלִּיבָּא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר.

Rav Yitzḥak Nappaḥa says: The verse “anyone who curses his God” is necessary only to include gentiles who curse God using the appellations for the name of God, rather than mentioning the ineffable name, and this is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir.

דְּתַנְיָא: ״אִישׁ אִישׁ כִּי יְקַלֵּל אֱלֹהָיו וְנָשָׂא חֶטְאוֹ״ – מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר? וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וְנֹקֵב שֵׁם ה׳ מוֹת יוּמָת״! לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְנֹקֵב שֵׁם מוֹת יוּמָת״, יָכוֹל לֹא יְהֵא חַיָּיב אֶלָּא עַל שֵׁם הַמְיוּחָד בִּלְבַד? מִנַּיִין לְרַבּוֹת כָּל הַכִּינּוּיִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״אִישׁ כִּי יְקַלֵּל אֱלֹהָיו״ – מִכׇּל מָקוֹם. דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר.

As it is taught in a baraita : Why must the verse state: “Anyone who curses his God shall bear his sin”? But isn’t it already stated: “And he who blasphemes the name of the Lord shall be put to death” (Leviticus 24:16)? Rather, since it is stated: “And he who blasphemes the name of the Lord shall be put to death,” one might have thought that one will be liable only for cursing the ineffable name of God. From where is it derived that the verse includes one who curses any of the appellations as well? The verse states: “Anyone who curses his God,” to indicate that one is liable to be executed in any case. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir.

וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: עַל שֵׁם הַמְיוּחָד בְּמִיתָה, וְעַל הַכִּינּוּיִין בְּאַזְהָרָה.

And the Rabbis say: For cursing the ineffable name of God, one is punished by death, and for cursing the appellations, one is liable to receive lashes for violating a prohibition.

וּפְלִיגָא דְּרַבִּי מְיָישָׁא, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי מְיָישָׁא: בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁבֵּירַךְ אֶת הַשֵּׁם בְּכִינּוּי, לְרַבָּנַן חַיָּיב.

The Gemara comments: And Rav Yitzḥak Nappaḥa, who holds that according to the Rabbis, gentiles are not liable for cursing appellations for the name of God, disagrees with the opinion of Rav Meyasha. As Rav Meyasha says: A descendant of Noah who blessed God by one of the appellations is liable to be executed even according to the opinion of the Rabbis.

מַאי טַעְמָא? דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״כַּגֵּר כָּאֶזְרָח״. גֵּר וְאֶזְרָח הוּא דְּבָעֵינַן ״בְּנׇקְבוֹ שֵׁם״, אֲבָל גּוֹי – אֲפִילּוּ בְּכִינּוּי.

What is the reason? It is because the verse states: “The convert as well as the homeborn, when he blasphemes the name, he shall be put to death” (Leviticus 24:16), from which it is derived that it is only in the case of a convert or a homeborn Jew that we require the condition: “When he blasphemes the name,” i.e., he is liable to be executed only if he curses the ineffable name. But a gentile is liable to be executed even due to merely cursing an appellation.

וְרַבִּי מֵאִיר, הַאי ״כַּגֵּר כָּאֶזְרָח״ מַאי עָבֵיד לֵיהּ? גֵּר וְאֶזְרָח בִּסְקִילָה, אֲבָל גּוֹי בְּסַיִיף. סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמֵינָא: הוֹאִיל וְאִיתְרַבּוֹ, אִיתְרַבּוֹ – קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.

The Gemara asks: And what does Rabbi Meir do with this part of the verse: “The convert as well as the homeborn”? What does he derive from it? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Meir derives that a convert or a homeborn Jew is liable to be executed by stoning for this transgression, but a gentile is executed by the sword. This exclusion is necessary as otherwise it might enter your mind to say that since gentiles are included in the halakhot of this verse, they are included in all the halakhot of blasphemy. Therefore the verse teaches us that they are not stoned.

וְרַבִּי יִצְחָק נַפָּחָא, אַלִּיבָּא דְּרַבָּנַן, הַאי ״כַּגֵּר כָּאֶזְרָח״ מַאי עָבֵיד לֵיהּ? גֵּר וְאֶזְרָח הוּא דְּבָעֵינַן שֵׁם בְּשֵׁם, אֲבָל גּוֹי לָא בָּעֵינַן שֵׁם בְּשֵׁם.

The Gemara asks: And what does Rav Yitzḥak Nappaḥa do with this part of the verse: “The convert as well as the homeborn,” according to the opinion of the Rabbis, since Rav Yitzḥak Nappaḥa holds that the Rabbis do not deem either a Jew or a gentile liable for cursing an appellation of God’s name? The Gemara answers: He derives that it is specifically with regard to a convert and a homeborn Jew that we require the condition that he curse a name of God by a name of God; but with regard to a gentile, we do not require that he curse a name of God by a name of God in order for him to be liable.

״אִישׁ אִישׁ״ – לְמָה לִי? דִּיבְּרָה תוֹרָה כִלְשׁוֹן בְּנֵי אָדָם.

The Gemara asks: Why do I need the inclusive term “anyone who curses his God,” according to the opinions that do not derive from it that a gentile is liable for cursing an appellation of God’s name? The Gemara answers: No halakha is derived from it; it is not a superfluous term, as the Torah spoke in the language of people.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שֶׁבַע מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ בְּנֵי נֹחַ – דִּינִין, וּבִרְכַּת הַשֵּׁם, עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, גִּילּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים, וְגָזֵל, וְאֵבֶר מִן הַחַי.

§ Since the halakhot of the descendants of Noah have been mentioned, a full discussion of the Noahide mitzvot is presented. The Sages taught in a baraita : The descendants of Noah, i.e., all of humanity, were commanded to observe seven mitzvot: The mitzva of establishing courts of judgment; and the prohibition against blessing, i.e., cursing, the name of God; and the prohibition of idol worship; and the prohibition against forbidden sexual relations; and the prohibition of bloodshed; and the prohibition of robbery; and the prohibition against eating a limb from a living animal.