Avodah Zarah 43b

לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בִּדְמוּת אַרְבָּעָה פָּנִים בַּהֲדֵי הֲדָדֵי.

This does not include the sun and the moon, as the Torah prohibits the fashioning only of a figure of all four faces of the creatures of the Divine Chariot together (see Ezekiel 1:10). All other figures, which are not in the likeness of the ministering angels, are permitted.

אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, פַּרְצוּף אָדָם לְחוֹדֵיהּ תִּשְׁתְּרֵי! אַלְּמָה תַּנְיָא: כׇּל הַפַּרְצוּפוֹת מוּתָּרִין, חוּץ מִפַּרְצוּף אָדָם?

The Gemara raises a difficulty: If that is so, let the fashioning of a figure of a human face alone be permitted. Why then is it taught in a baraita : Figures of all faces are permitted, except for the human face?

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ שְׁמִיעַ לִי, ״לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי״ — לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אוֹתִי, אֲבָל שְׁאָר שַׁמָּשִׁין שְׁרֵי.

Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: I heard in a lecture of Rabbi Yehoshua that there is a different reason why one may not fashion a figure of a human face; the verse states: “You shall not make with Me [ iti ]” (Exodus 20:20). This can be read as: You shall not make Me [ oti ]. Since the human being was created in the image of God (see Genesis 1:27), it is prohibited to fashion an image of a human being. But fashioning figures of other attendants of God is permitted.

וּשְׁאָר שַׁמָּשִׁין מִי שְׁרֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: ״לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי״ — לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כִּדְמוּת שַׁמָּשַׁי הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין לְפָנַי בְּמָרוֹם, כְּגוֹן אוֹפַנִּים וּשְׂרָפִים וְחַיּוֹת הַקֹּדֶשׁ וּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת!

The Gemara asks: And is it permitted to fashion figures of other attendants of God? But isn’t it taught in another baraita that the verse: “You shall not make with Me gods of silver” (Exodus 20:20), is interpreted to mean that you shall not make figures of My attendants who serve before Me on high, for example, ofanim , and seraphim, and the sacred ḥayyot , and the ministering angels?

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא שַׁמָּשִׁין שֶׁבַּמָּדוֹר הָעֶלְיוֹן.

Abaye said: The Torah prohibits fashioning figures of only those attendants that are in the upper heaven, i.e., the supreme angels in the highest firmament, but it does not prohibit fashioning the celestial bodies, e.g., the sun and the moon, despite the fact that they too are located in heaven.

וְשֶׁבְּמָדוֹר הַתַּחְתּוֹן מִי שְׁרֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: ״אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׁמַיִם״ — לְרַבּוֹת חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה כּוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת, ״מִמַּעַל״ — לְרַבּוֹת מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת!

The Gemara asks: And is it permitted to fashion figures of those bodies that are in the lower heaven? But isn’t it taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “You shall not make for yourself any graven image, nor any manner of likeness, of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (Exodus 20:4): The phrase “that is in heaven” serves to include the sun, and the moon, the stars, and the constellations. The term “above” serves to include the ministering angels. Apparently, it is prohibited to fashion a figure even of the celestial bodies that are in the lower heaven.

כִּי תַּנְיָא הָהִיא, לְעוֹבְדָם.

The Gemara answers: When that baraita is taught, it is in reference to the prohibition against worshipping them. There is no prohibition against forming a figure in their likeness.

אִי לְעוֹבְדָם, אֲפִילּוּ שִׁילְשׁוּל קָטָן נָמֵי! אִין הָכִי נָמֵי, וּמִסֵּיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא נָפְקָא, דְּתַנְיָא: ״אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ״ — לְרַבּוֹת יַמִּים וּנְהָרוֹת הָרִים וּגְבָעוֹת, ״מִתַּחַת״ — לְרַבּוֹת שִׁילְשׁוּל קָטָן.

The Gemara asks: If that baraita is referring to the prohibition against worshipping them, then why does it mention only celestial bodies? It is prohibited to worship even a tiny worm. The Gemara answers: Yes, it is indeed so; and this prohibition is derived from the latter clause of that verse, as it is taught in a baraita : “That is in the earth” serves to include seas, and rivers, mountains, and hills. The word “beneath” serves to include a tiny worm.

וַעֲשִׂיָּיה גְּרֵידְתָּא מִי שְׁרֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: ״לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי״ — לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כִּדְמוּת שַׁמָּשַׁי הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין לְפָנַי בַּמָּרוֹם, כְּגוֹן: חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה, כּוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת.

The Gemara asks: And is the mere fashioning of figures of the celestial bodies permitted? But isn’t it taught in another baraita that the verse: “You shall not make with Me gods of silver” (Exodus 20:20), is interpreted to mean that you shall not make figures of My attendants who serve before Me on high, for example: The sun, and the moon, the stars, and the constellations. This is proof that it is prohibited to fashion figures of the sun and the moon. Consequently, the solution proposed by Abaye is rejected, leaving the difficulty of Rabban Gamliel’s diagram unresolved.

שָׁאנֵי רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, דַּאֲחֵרִים עָשׂוּ לוֹ.

The Gemara proposes an alternative resolution: The case of Rabban Gamliel is different, as others, i.e., gentiles, fashioned those figures for him, and it is prohibited for a Jew only to fashion such figures; there is no prohibition against having them in one’s possession.

וְהָא רַב יְהוּדָה, דַּאֲחֵרִים עָשׂוּ לוֹ, וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל לְרַב יְהוּדָה: שִׁינָּנָא, סַמִּי עֵינֵיהּ דְּדֵין!

The Gemara asks: But there is the case of Rav Yehuda, where others fashioned for him a seal with a figure of a person on it, and Shmuel said to Rav Yehuda, who was his student: Sharp-witted one [ shinnana ], destroy this one’s eyes, i.e., disfigure it, as it is prohibited even to have a figure of a human being in one’s possession.

הָתָם בְּחוֹתָמוֹ בּוֹלֵט, וּמִשּׁוּם חֲשָׁדָא, דְּתַנְיָא: טַבַּעַת שֶׁחוֹתָמָהּ בּוֹלֵט — אָסוּר לְהַנִּיחָהּ, וּמוּתָּר לַחְתּוֹם בָּהּ. חוֹתָמָהּ שׁוֹקֵעַ — מוּתָּר לְהַנִּיחָהּ, וְאָסוּר לַחְתּוֹם בָּהּ.

The Gemara answers: There, in the case of Rav Yehuda, his was a protruding seal, i.e., the figure projected from the ring, and Shmuel prohibited it due to the potential suspicion that he had an object of idol worship in his possession. As it is taught in a baraita : In the case of a ring whose seal protrudes, it is prohibited to place it on one’s finger due to suspicion of idol worship, but it is permitted to seal objects with it. In this case, the act of sealing forms a figure that is sunken below the surface of the object upon which the seal was impressed, which is not prohibited. If its seal is sunken, it is permitted to place it on one’s finger, but it is prohibited to seal objects with it, as that forms a protruding figure.

וּמִי חָיְישִׁינַן לַחֲשָׁדָא? וְהָא בֵּי כְנִישְׁתָּא דְּשַׁף וִיתֵיב בִּנְהַרְדְּעָא, (דְּאוֹקְמִי) [דְּאוֹקִימוּ] בֵּיהּ אִנְדְּרָטָא, וַהֲווֹ עָיְילִי בֵּיהּ אֲבוּהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל וְלֵוִי וּמְצַלּוּ בְּגַוֵּיהּ, וְלָא חָיְישִׁי לַחֲשָׁדָא! רַבִּים שָׁאנֵי.

The Gemara asks: And are we concerned about arousing suspicion due to the use of a human figure? But what about that synagogue that had been destroyed in Eretz Yisrael and was reestablished in Neharde’a, and they erected a statue of the king in it? And nevertheless, Shmuel’s father and Levi would enter and pray in it, and they were not concerned about arousing suspicion. The Gemara answers: A public institution is different; the public is not suspected of having idolatrous intentions. Rather, it is assumed that the statue is there exclusively for ornamental purposes.

וְהָא רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל דְּיָחִיד הֲוָה? כֵּיוָן דְּנָשִׂיא הוּא, שְׁכִיחִי רַבִּים גַּבֵּיהּ. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: דִּפְרָקִים הֲוַאי.

The Gemara asks: But wasn’t Rabban Gamliel an individual? According to this reasoning, his figures of the moon should have been forbidden as they would have aroused suspicion. The Gemara answers: Since he was the Nasi , the head of the Sanhedrin, members of the public would often be found with him, and therefore there was no room for suspicion. And if you wish, say there is an alternative answer, namely, that these figures were not whole; rather, they were formed from pieces of figures that had to be assembled. Only complete figures are forbidden.

וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא, לְהִתְלַמֵּד שָׁאנֵי, דְּתַנְיָא: ״לֹא תִלְמַד לַעֲשׂוֹת״, אֲבָל אַתָּה לָמֵד לְהָבִין וּלְהוֹרוֹת.

And if you wish, say there is yet another answer: Fashioning figures in order to teach oneself is different, as it is taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “You shall not learn to do like the abominations of those nations” (Deuteronomy 18:9): But you may learn in order to understand the matter yourself and teach it to others. In other words, it is permitted to perform certain acts for the sake of Torah study that would otherwise be prohibited.

רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר וְכוּ׳. אֵיזוֹ הֵן מְכוּבָּדִין, וְאֵיזוֹ הֵן מְבוּזִּין?

§ The mishna (42b) teaches that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Those figures that are upon respectable vessels are forbidden. Those that are upon disgraceful vessels are permitted. The Gemara asks: Which vessels are considered respectable and which are considered disgraceful?

אָמַר רַב: מְכוּבָּדִין — לְמַעְלָה מִן הַמַּיִם, מְבוּזִּין — לְמַטָּה מִן הַמַּיִם. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ מְבוּזִּין הֵן, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ הֵן מְכוּבָּדִין — שֶׁעַל הַשֵּׁירִין וְעַל הַנְּזָמִים וְעַל הַטַּבָּעוֹת.

Rav says: These terms do not represent different types of vessels, but rather the location of the figure upon the vessel. A respectable location for an idolatrous figure is on the side of the vessel above the level of the water or food contents; a disgraceful location is below the water level. And Shmuel says: Both these and those locations on eating utensils are disgraceful. Rather, these are respectable locations: Upon bracelets, or upon nose rings, or upon rings.

תַּנְיָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל: מְכוּבָּדִין — שֶׁעַל הַשֵּׁירִין, וְעַל הַנְּזָמִים, וְעַל הַטַּבָּעוֹת; מְבוּזִּין — שֶׁעַל הַיּוֹרוֹת, וְעַל הַקּוּמְקְמֹסִין, וְעַל מְחַמֵּי חַמִּים, וְשֶׁעַל הַסְּדִינִין, וְעַל הַמִּטְפָּחוֹת.

The Gemara comments: It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Shmuel ( Tosefta 5:1): Respectable locations for idolatrous figures are upon bracelets, or upon nose rings, or upon rings. Disgraceful locations are upon large pots, or upon small kettles [ hakumkemasin ], or upon samovars, or upon sheets, or upon towels.

מַתְנִי׳ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: שׁוֹחֵק וְזוֹרֶה לָרוּחַ, אוֹ מֵטִיל לַיָּם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף הוּא נַעֲשֶׂה זֶבֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לֹא יִדְבַּק בְּיָדְךָ מְאוּמָה מִן הַחֵרֶם״.

MISHNA: Rabbi Yosei says: When one encounters an idol, he should grind the idol and throw the dust to the wind or cast it into the sea. The Rabbis said to him: What is the good of that? That also gives a Jew benefit from the idol, as it becomes fertilizer for his crops, and deriving any kind of benefit is prohibited, as it is stated: “And nothing of the proscribed items shall cleave to your hand” (Deuteronomy 13:18).

גְּמָ׳ תַּנְיָא, אָמַר לָהֶם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר: ״וְאֶת חַטַּאתְכֶם

GEMARA: It is taught in a baraita ( Tosefta 3:16): Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated: “And your sin,