Avodah Zarah 28a

מַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל — אֵין מִתְרַפְּאִין מֵהֶן. מַאי בֵּינַיְיהוּ? אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְיהוּ גַּב הַיָּד וְגַב הָרֶגֶל, דְּאָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר מַתְנָה אָמַר רַב: גַּב הַיָּד וְגַב הָרֶגֶל הֲרֵי הֵן כְּמַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל, וּמְחַלְּלִין עֲלֵיהֶן אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.

internal injury, one may not be treated by them. The Gemara asks: What is the difference between the two versions of Rabbi Yoḥanan’s statement? There is a difference between them with regard to the case of one who was injured on the back of the hand or the back of the foot. As Rav Adda bar Mattana says that Rav says: Injuries to the back of the hand and the back, i.e., the top, of the foot are like an internal injury, and one may desecrate Shabbat for their treatment.

אָמַר רַב זוּטְרָא בַּר טוֹבִיָּה אָמַר רַב: כׇּל מַכָּה שֶׁצְּרִיכָה אוֹמֶד, מְחַלְּלִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. אָמַר רַב שֶׁמֶן בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וְהַאי אִישָּׁתָא צְמִירְתָּא כְּמַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל דָּמֵי, וּמְחַלְּלִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.

Rav Zutra bar Toviyya says that Rav says: With regard to any injury that requires a medical evaluation to determine whether or not it is fatal, one may desecrate Shabbat for its treatment. Rav Shemen bar Abba says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: And a burning fever is similar to an internal injury, and therefore one may desecrate Shabbat for its treatment.

מֵהֵיכָן מַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל? פֵּירֵשׁ רַבִּי אַמֵּי: מִן הַשָּׂפָה וְלִפְנִים. בָּעֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר: כַּכֵּי וְשִׁינֵּי מַאי? כֵּיוָן דַּאֲקוּשֵׁי נִינְהוּ כְּמַכָּה דְּבָרָאֵי דָּמוּ, אוֹ דִלְמָא, כֵּיוָן דְּגַוָּאֵי קָיְימִי, כְּמַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל דָּמוּ?

The Gemara inquires: From what point on the body is a wound considered an internal injury? Rabbi Ami explained: From the lips inward. Rabbi Eliezer raises a dilemma: With regard to afflictions located in the gums [ kakhei ] or teeth, what is the halakha ? Do we say that since they are located in firm parts of the body, they are similar to external injuries, or perhaps we say that since they are situated within the mouth, they are similar to internal injuries?

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי, תָּא שְׁמַע: הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּשִׁינָּיו לֹא יְגַמֵּעַ בָּהֶן אֶת הַחוֹמֶץ. חוֹשֵׁשׁ הוּא דְּלָא, הָא כָּאֵיב לֵיהּ טוּבָא — שַׁפִּיר דָּמֵי. דִּלְמָא תַּנָּא הֵיכָא דְּכָאֵיב לֵיהּ טוּבָא ״חוֹשֵׁשׁ״ נָמֵי קָרֵי לֵיהּ.

Abaye said: Come and hear a proof from a mishna ( Shabbat 111a): One who is concerned about pain in his teeth may not sip vinegar through them on Shabbat for medicinal purposes, as it is generally prohibited by rabbinic law to perform acts of healing on Shabbat. Abaye infers: It is only when he is merely concerned about pain in his teeth that he may not treat them, which indicates that if it hurts him greatly, it is permitted to seek treatment. The Gemara rejects this inference: Perhaps the tanna also characterizes a situation where it hurts one greatly as one of mere concern.

תָּא שְׁמַע: רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן חָשׁ בְּצַפְדִּינָא, אֲזַל לְגַבַּהּ דְּהַהִיא מַטְרוֹנִיתָא, עֲבַדָה חַמְשָׁא וּמַעֲלֵי שַׁבְּתָא. אֲמַר לַהּ: לְמָחָר מַאי? אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: לָא צְרִיכַתְּ. אִי צְרִיכְנָא מַאי? אֲמַרָה: אִשְׁתְּבַע לִי דְּלָא מְגַלֵּית. אִישְׁתְּבַע לַהּ: ״לֵאלָהָא יִשְׂרָאֵל לָא מְגַלֵּינָא״. גַּלִּיָיהּ לֵיהּ, לִמְחַר נְפַק דַּרְשַׁהּ בְּפִירְקָא.

The Gemara suggests a different proof: Come and hear the following incident: Rabbi Yoḥanan suffered from the illness tzafdina , which affects the teeth and gums. He went to a certain gentile matron who was a well-known healer. She prepared a medicine for him on Thursday and Friday. Rabbi Yoḥanan said to her: What shall I do tomorrow, on Shabbat, when I cannot come to collect the medicine from you? She said to him: You will not need it. Rabbi Yoḥanan asked her: If I do need it, what shall I do? She said to him: Take an oath to me that you will not reveal the remedy, and I will tell you, so that you can prepare it yourself should you need it. Rabbi Yoḥanan took an oath to her: To the God of the Jews, I will not reveal it. She revealed the remedy to him. On the following day Rabbi Yoḥanan went out and taught it publicly, revealing the secret of the remedy.

וְהָא אִישְׁתְּבַע לַהּ! ״לֵאלָהָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל לָא מְגַלֵּינָא״, אֲבָל לְעַמֵּיהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מְגַלֵּינָא. וְהָאִיכָּא חִילּוּל הַשֵּׁם! דְּגַלִּי לַהּ מֵעִיקָּרָא.

The Gemara challenges: But Rabbi Yoḥanan took an oath to her that he would not reveal her secret. The Gemara explains that his vow meant: I will not reveal it to the God of the Jews, which indicates: But I will reveal it to His people, the Jews. The Gemara challenges: But even so, isn’t there a desecration of God’s name, as the matron now thinks that a great man of Rabbi Yoḥanan’s stature violated his vow? The Gemara answers that he revealed it to her at the outset. As soon as she disclosed the remedy to him, he informed her that his vow would not prevent him from publicizing it.

אַלְמָא כְּמַכָּה שֶׁל חָלָל דָּמְיָא. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: שָׁאנֵי צַפְדִּינָא, הוֹאִיל וּמַתְחִיל בְּפֶה וְגוֹמֵר בִּבְנֵי מֵעַיִים.

With regard to the issue at hand, the Gemara infers: Apparently, an affliction that affects the gums is similar to an internal injury, as it was permitted for Rabbi Yoḥanan to prepare the remedy on Shabbat. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Tzafdina is different, since it begins in the mouth, and ends in the intestines, i.e., the disease spreads until it infects one’s intestines, and therefore it is considered an internal affliction even while it is only in the mouth. Consequently, the incident involving Rabbi Yoḥanan affords no proof, and Rabbi Eliezer’s dilemma remains unresolved.

מַאי סִימָנֵיהּ? רָמֵי מִידֵּי בֵּי כַכֵּי, וּמַיְיתֵי דְּמָא מִבֵּי דָרֵי. מִמַּאי הָוֵי? מִקָּרִירֵי קָרִירֵי דְּחִיטֵּי, וּמֵחַמִּימֵי חַמִּימֵי דִּשְׂעָרֵי, וּמִשִּׁיּוּרֵי כָּסָא דְּהַרְסָנָא. מַאי עֲבַדָא לֵיהּ? אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבָא: מֵי שְׂאוֹר וְשֶׁמֶן זַיִת וָמֶלַח, וּמָר בַּר רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: מִשְׁחָא דַּאֲוָוזָא בְּגַדְפָּא דַאֲוָוזָא.

The Gemara inquires: What are the symptoms of tzafdina ? If one places an item between his teeth, blood flows from the rows of teeth. From what does it result? It results from the consumption of very cold wheat foods, and from very hot barley foods, and from remains of fried fish [ kasa deharsena ]. With what remedy did the gentile matron treat Rabbi Yoḥanan? Rabbi Aḥa, son of Rava, said: It was water in which leaven was steeped, olive oil, and salt. And Mar bar Rav Ashi said: She smeared goose fat over his gums with a goose feather.

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אֲנָא עֲבַדִי כּוּלְּהוּ וְלָא אִיתַּסַּאי, עַד דַּאֲמַר לִי הַהוּא טַיָּיעָא: אַיְיתִי קַשְׁיָיתָא דְּזֵיתָא דְּלָא מְלוֹ תִּילְתָּא, וּקְלִנְהוּ אַמָּרָא חַדְתָּא, וְדַבֵּיק (בֵּיהּ) [אַבֵּי] דְּדָרֵיךְ. עֲבַדִי הָכִי וְאִיתַּסַּאי.

Abaye said: I prepared all of these medicines and was not cured from this ailment until a certain Arab told me the remedy for it: Take olive seeds that are less than one-third ripe, and burn them in a fire on top of a new hoe, and stick them along the row of gums. I did this and was cured.

וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הֵיכִי עָבֵיד הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל מַכָּה שֶׁמְּחַלְּלִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת — אֵין מִתְרַפְּאִין מֵהֶן! אָדָם חָשׁוּב שָׁאנֵי.

§ It was stated above that Rabbi Yoḥanan sought the medical attention of a gentile. The Gemara asks: And how could Rabbi Yoḥanan do so? But doesn’t Rabba bar bar Ḥana say that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: With regard to any injury for which Shabbat is desecrated, one may not be treated by gentiles. Tzafdina is a disease for which Shabbat is desecrated, and yet Rabbi Yoḥanan was treated by a gentile. The Gemara answers: An important person such as Rabbi Yoḥanan is different, as gentiles would not dare to kill him.

וְהָא רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ, דְּאָדָם חָשׁוּב הֲוָה, וּרְמָא לֵיהּ יַעֲקֹב מִינָאָה סַמָּא אַשָּׁקֵיהּ, וְאִי לָא רַבִּי אַמֵּי וְרַבִּי אַסִּי דְּלַחֲכוּהּ לְשָׁקֵיהּ, פַּסְקֵיהּ לְשָׁקֵיהּ!

The Gemara questions this: But Rabbi Abbahu was an important person, and yet Ya’akov the heretic placed upon his leg a salve that was actually a poison. And if it were not for Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi, who licked his leg to remove the poison, his leg would have had to be amputated. Apparently, Ya’akov the heretic attempted to kill Rabbi Abbahu despite the fact that Rabbi Abbahu was an important person.

דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן רוֹפֵא מוּמְחֶה הֲוָה, דְּרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ נָמֵי רוֹפֵא מוּמְחֶה הֲוָה, שָׁאנֵי רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ דְּמוֹקְמִי בֵּיהּ מִינֵי בְּנַפְשַׁיְיהוּ ״תָּמֹת נַפְשִׁי עִם פְּלִשְׁתִּים״.

The Gemara explains: The healer of Rabbi Yoḥanan was an expert physician who would not jeopardize her reputation by harming him. The Gemara rejects this explanation: But the healer of Rabbi Abbahu was also an expert physician. The Gemara answers: The case involving Rabbi Abbahu is different, as heretics establish within themselves the attitude of: “Let me die with the Philistines” (Judges 16:30), i.e., heretics are willing to risk their lives in order to hurt Jews, due to their religious disputes. By contrast, gentiles will not jeopardize their own reputation for this purpose, and therefore it was permitted for Rabbi Yoḥanan to be treated by the matron.

אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: הַאי פְּדַעְתָּא סַכַּנְתָּא הִיא, וּמְחַלְּלִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. מַאי אָסוּתַאּ? לְמִיפְסַק דְּמָא — תַּחְלֵי בְּחַלָּא, לְאַסּוֹקֵי — גִּרְדָּא דְּיַבְלָא וְגִירְדָּא דַּאֲסַנָּא, אוֹ נִיקְרָא מִקִּילְקַלְתָּא.

§ The Gemara lists a series of afflictions and their remedies. Shmuel said: This gash caused by a sword is considered a danger to one’s life, and one may desecrate Shabbat for its treatment. The Gemara asks: What is the remedy for this wound? To stop the blood flow one should consume cress soaked in vinegar. To cause flesh to emerge over the gash, one applies a salve made of yavla scrapings and thornbush scrapings, or a salve made from the worms of the trash.

אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא: הַאי עִינְבְּתָא פַּרְוַונְקָא דְּמַלְאֲכָא דְמוֹתָא הִיא. מַאי אָסוּתַאּ? טִיגְנָא בְּדוּבְשָׁא, אוֹ כַּרְפְּסָא בְּטִילְיָיא. אַדְּהָכִי וְהָכִי, לַיְתֵי עִינְבְּתָא בַּת מִינַאּ וְנִיגַּנְדַּר (עילוי) [עִילָּוַיהּ], חִיוָּרְתִּי לְחִיוָּרְתִּי וְאוּכַּמְתִּי לְאוּכַּמְתִּי.

Rav Safra said: These grapelike boils are the forerunners [ parvanka ] of the Angel of Death, i.e., they often precede one’s death. The Gemara asks: What is the remedy? The remedy is either a tigna plant soaked in honey or parsley soaked in wine. In the meantime, while the plants are soaking, one should bring a grape of the same size and rub it on the boil, a white grape for a white boil, and a black grape for a black boil.

אָמַר רָבָא: הַאי סִימְטָא פַּרְוַונְקָא דְּאִשָּׁתָא הִיא, מַאי אָסוּתֵאּ? לִמְחֲיֵיהּ שִׁיתִּין אִיתְקוּטְלֵי, וְלִיקְרְעֵיהּ שְׁתִי וָעֵרֶב, וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי דְּלָא חִיוָּר רֵישֵׁיהּ, אֲבָל חִיוָּר רֵישֵׁיהּ לֵית לַן בַּהּ.

Rava said: This abscess [ simta ] is the forerunner of fever. The Gemara asks: What is the remedy? One should snap [ itkutlei ] the boil sixty times with his fingers, i.e., click one’s fingers on the boil, and then he should tear it vertically and horizontally. The Gemara comments: And this statement applies only in a case where the head of the abscess has not whitened, but if its head has whitened, we have no problem with it, i.e., it is in the process of healing, and it does not pose any danger.

רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב חָשׁ

Rabbi Ya’akov suffered