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Shabbat 19a

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Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Shabbat 19a

Shabbat 19a. The full printed text of this folio side — 13 numbered segments, about 411 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

כּוּתָּח הַבַּבְלִי וְכׇל מִינֵי כּוּתָּח אָסוּר לִמְכּוֹר שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם קוֹדֶם הַפֶּסַח.

With regard to Babylonian kutaḥ , a spice that contains leavened bread crumbs, and all kinds of kutaḥ , it is prohibited to sell it to a gentile thirty days before Passover. Because kutaḥ is used exclusively as a spice, it lasts longer than other foods.

Segment 2

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נוֹתְנִין מְזוֹנוֹת לִפְנֵי הַכֶּלֶב בֶּחָצֵר. נְטָלוֹ וְיָצָא — אֵין נִזְקָקִין לוֹ.

The Sages taught in a different baraita : One may, ab initio , put food before the dog in the courtyard on Shabbat, and we are not concerned that the dog may lift it and carry it out to the public domain. If the dog lifted it and exited the courtyard, one need not attend to him , as he is not required to ensure that the dog will eat it specifically in that courtyard.

Segment 3

כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ: נוֹתְנִין מְזוֹנוֹת לִפְנֵי הַגּוֹי בֶּחָצֵר. נְטָלוֹ וְיָצָא — אֵין נִזְקָקִין לוֹ. הָא תּוּ לְמָה לִי, הַיְינוּ הָךְ. מַהוּ דְתֵימָא: הַאי רְמֵי עֲלֵיהּ, וְהַאי לָא רְמֵי עֲלֵיהּ — קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.

On a similar note, the baraita continued: One may place food before the gentile in the courtyard on Shabbat. If the gentile lifted it and exited, one need not attend to him. The Gemara asks: Why do I need this as well? This case is the same as that case. The halakhot with regard to the dog and the gentile are identical, as Shabbat prohibitions do not apply to either of them. The Gemara answers: There is a distinction. Lest you say that in this case, the case of the dog, responsibility for its food is incumbent upon the owner of the courtyard who owns the dog. And in this case, the case of the gentile, responsibility for his food is not incumbent upon the owner of the courtyard. Therefore, in a situation where there is concern that Shabbat will be desecrated, there is room to say that one may not give the gentile his food. Therefore, the baraita teaches us that in that case, it is also permitted.

Segment 4

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: לֹא יַשְׂכִּיר אָדָם כֵּלָיו לְגוֹי בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, בִּרְבִיעִי וּבַחֲמִישִׁי מוּתָּר. כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ, אֵין מְשַׁלְּחִין אִיגְּרוֹת בְּיַד גּוֹי בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, בִּרְבִיעִי וּבַחֲמִישִׁי — מוּתָּר. אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַכֹּהֵן, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ עַל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הֶחָסִיד, שֶׁלֹּא נִמְצָא כְּתַב יָדוֹ בְּיַד גּוֹי מֵעוֹלָם.

The Sages taught in a Tosefta : A person may not rent his utensils to a gentile on Shabbat eve, as it appears that the Jew is receiving payment for work performed on Shabbat. However, on the fourth and on the fifth days of the week it is permitted. On a similar note, one may not send letters in the hand of a gentile on Shabbat eve. However, on the fourth and on the fifth days of the week it is permitted. Nevertheless, they said about Rabbi Yosei the priest, and some say that they said this about Rabbi Yosei the Ḥasid, that a document in his handwriting was never found in the hand of a gentile, so that a gentile would not carry his letter on Shabbat.

Segment 5

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵין מְשַׁלְּחִין אִיגֶּרֶת בְּיַד גּוֹי עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן קוֹצֵץ לוֹ דָּמִים. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵיתוֹ, וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה.

The Sages taught in a baraita : One may not send a letter in the hand of a gentile on Shabbat eve unless he stipulates a set sum of money for him. In that case, anything the gentile does with this letter is not in service of the Jew, but rather on his own, since his payment is stipulated in advance. Beit Shammai say: One may only give a letter to a gentile on Shabbat eve if there is sufficient time for the gentile to reach his house before dark. And Beit Hillel say: If there is sufficient time for him to reach the house adjacent to the wall of the city to which he was sent.

Segment 6

וַהֲלֹא קָצַץ? אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, הָכִי קָאָמַר: וְאִם לֹא קָצַץ — בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵיתוֹ, וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לַבַּיִת הַסָּמוּךְ לַחוֹמָה.

The Gemara asks: Didn’t he stipulate a set price? What difference does it make whether he reaches the city on Shabbat eve or on Shabbat? Rav Sheshet said, the baraita is saying as follows: And if he did not stipulate a set price for the task, Beit Shammai say: One may only give a letter to a gentile on Shabbat eve if there is sufficient time for the gentile to reach his house before dark. And Beit Hillel say: If there is sufficient time for him to reach the house adjacent to the wall of the city to which he was sent.

Segment 7

וְהָאָמְרַתְּ רֵישָׁא אֵין מְשַׁלְּחִין? לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא דִּקְבִיעַ בֵּי דַוָּאר בְּמָתָא, וְהָא דְּלָא קְבִיעַ בֵּי דַוָּאר בְּמָתָא.

The Gemara asks: Didn’t you say in the first clause of the baraita , that one may not send a letter unless he stipulated a set price? Without stipulating a set price, one may not send a letter at all. The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, as it is possible to explain that this, where we learned that one is permitted to give a letter to a gentile on Shabbat eve even if he did not stipulate a set price, is in a case where the house of the mail carrier [ bei doar ] is permanently located in the city. And this, where it is permitted to give a letter to a gentile only if he stipulated a set price, is in a case where the house of the mail carrier is not permanently located in the city.

Segment 8

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵין מַפְלִיגִין בִּסְפִינָה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים קוֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים — לִדְבַר הָרְשׁוּת, אֲבָל לִדְבַר מִצְוָה — שַׁפִּיר דָּמֵי. וּפוֹסֵק עִמּוֹ עַל מְנָת לִשְׁבּוֹת, וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹבֵת — דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ. וּמִצּוֹר לְצִידֹן — אֲפִילּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת מוּתָּר.

The Sages taught: One may not set sail on a ship fewer than three days before Shabbat, to avoid appearances that the Jew is performing a prohibited labor on Shabbat. In what case is this statement said? In a case where he set sail for a voluntary matter; however, if he sailed for a matter involving a mitzva, he may well do so. And, even then, he must stipulate with the gentile ship captain that this is on the condition that he rests, i.e., stops the ship, and even if the gentile does not rest. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: He need not stipulate. And sailing on a ship that is traveling from Tyre to Sidon, a short journey by sea, is permitted even on Shabbat eve.

Segment 9

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵין צָרִין עַל עֲיָירוֹת שֶׁל גּוֹיִם פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים קוֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת. וְאִם הִתְחִילוּ — אֵין מַפְסִיקִין. וְכֵן הָיָה שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר: ״עַד רִדְתָּהּ״, אֲפִילּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת.

The Sages taught in a Tosefta : One may not lay siege to cities of gentiles fewer than three days before Shabbat, to avoid the need to desecrate Shabbat in establishing the siege. And if they already began establishing the siege fewer than three days before Shabbat, they need not stop all war-related actions even on Shabbat. And so Shammai would say: From that which is written: “And you should build a siege against the city that is waging war with you until it falls” (Deuteronomy 20:20), it is derived that the siege should be sustained “until it falls.” Consequently, the siege must continue even on Shabbat.

Segment 10

אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: נוֹהֲגִין הָיוּ וְכוּ׳. תַּנְיָא אָמַר רַבִּי צָדוֹק: כָּךְ הָיָה מִנְהָגוֹ שֶׁל בֵּית רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹתְנִין כְּלֵי לָבָן לְכוֹבֵס שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים קוֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת, וּצְבוּעִים אֲפִילּוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. וּמִדִּבְרֵיהֶם לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַלְּבָנִים קָשִׁים לְכַבְּסָן יוֹתֵר מִן הַצְּבוּעִין.

We learned in the mishna that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: The ancestral house of my father, the dynasty of Nesi’im from the house of Hillel, was accustomed to give its white clothes to a gentile launderer no fewer than three days before Shabbat. It was taught in the Tosefta that Rabbi Tzadok said: This was the custom of the house of Rabban Gamliel: They would give white clothes to the gentile launderer three days before Shabbat, and they would give him colored clothes even on Shabbat eve. The Gemara comments: And from their statement we learned that white garments are more difficult to launder than colored ones, as in white garments every stain is more conspicuous.

Segment 11

אַבָּיֵי הֲוָה יָהֵיב לֵיהּ הַהוּא מָנָא דִצְבִיעָא לְקַצָּרָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כַּמָּה בָּעֵית עִילָּוֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כִּדְחִיוָּרָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּבָר קַדְמוּךָ רַבָּנַן. אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: הַאי מַאן דְּיָהֵיב מָנָא לְקַצָּרָא, בְּמִשְׁחָא נִיתֵּיב לֵיהּ וּבְמִשְׁחָא נִשְׁקוֹל מִינֵּיהּ. דְּאִי טְפֵי — אַפְסְדֵיהּ דְּמַתְחֵיהּ. וְאִי בְּצִיר — אַפְסְדֵיהּ דְּכַוְּוצֵיהּ.

On a related note, the Gemara relates that Abaye gave this dyed garment to the launderer. Abaye said to the launderer: How much do you want as payment to wash it? The launderer said to Abaye: Same as for a white garment. Abaye said to him: You cannot deceive me in this matter, as the Sages already preceded you, as it was taught in the baraita which garment is more difficult to wash. On this topic, Abaye said: One who gives clothing to the launderer, he should give it to him by measure and he should take it back from him by measure. In that way, if it is longer, it is an indication that the launderer caused him a loss because he stretched the garment. And if it is shorter, he certainly caused him a loss because he shrunk it.

Segment 12

וְשָׁוִין אֵלּוּ וְאֵלּוּ, שֶׁטּוֹעֲנִין כּוּ׳: מַאי שְׁנָא כּוּלְּהוּ דִּגְזַרוּ בְּהוּ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, וּמַאי שְׁנָא קוֹרוֹת בֵּית הַבַּד וְעִיגּוּלֵי הַגַּת דְּלָא גְּזַרוּ? הָנָךְ דְּאִי עָבֵיד לְהוּ בְּשַׁבָּת מִיחַיַּיב חַטָּאת — גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה. קוֹרוֹת בֵּית הַבַּד וְעִיגּוּלֵי הַגַּת דְּאִי עָבֵיד לְהוּ בְּשַׁבָּת לָא מִיחַיַּיב חַטָּאת — לָא גְּזַרוּ.

We learned in the mishna that these, Beit Shammai, and those, Beit Hillel, agree that one may load the beam of the olive press and the circular wine press. The Gemara asks: What is different about all of the cases in the mishna, where Beit Shammai issued a decree prohibiting them, and what is different about the beams of the olive press and the circular wine press that Beit Shammai did not issue a decree prohibiting them? The Gemara answers: Those cases, where if he performed them on Shabbat he is rendered liable to bring a sin-offering, Beit Shammai issued a decree prohibiting them on Shabbat eve at nightfall. However, in the cases of the beams of the olive press and the circular wine press, where even if he performed them on Shabbat he is not rendered liable to bring a sin-offering, Beit Shammai did not issue a decree.

Segment 13

מַאן תַּנָּא דְּכֹל מִידֵּי דְּאָתֵי מִמֵּילָא, שַׁפִּיר דָּמֵי? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי (בַּר) [בְּרַבִּי] חֲנִינָא: רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל הִיא, דִּתְנַן: הַשּׁוּם וְהַבּוֹסֶר וְהַמְּלִילוֹת שֶׁרִסְּקָן מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: יִגְמוֹר מִשֶּׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ, וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר:

The Gemara asks: Who is the tanna who holds that anything that comes on its own, and not as the result of an action, it may well be done on Shabbat? Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: It is the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, as we learned in a mishna: With regard to the garlic and the unripe grapes, and the stalks of wheat that he crushed while it was still day, Rabbi Yishmael says: He may continue tending to them and finish after it gets dark, as after the crushing is completed these items are placed beneath a weight, so that the liquids will continue to seep out. And Rabbi Akiva says:

Shabbat 19a

Shabbat 19a

Rashi

Tosafot

Rabbeinu Chananel

Rashba

Meiri

Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

Maharam

Penei Yehoshua

Gilyon HaShas

Ben Yehoyada

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