Shabbat 111b

אֲסִיר לְהַדּוֹקֵיהּ בְּיוֹמָא טָבָא! בְּהָהִיא אֲפִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מוֹדֶה. דְּאַבָּיֵי וְרָבָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַויְיהוּ: מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּ״פְסִיק רֵישֵׁיהּ וְלָא יְמוּת״.

it is prohibited to insert it tightly on a Festival due to the prohibited labor of wringing. Doesn’t Rabbi Shimon permit performing an unintentional act from which a prohibited labor may ensue? The Gemara answers: In that case, even Rabbi Shimon concedes that it is prohibited, as it was Abaye and Rava who both said: Rabbi Shimon concedes in instances categorized as: Cut off its head and it shall not die. This category refers to situations where the ensuing prohibited labor is inevitable. In those kinds of cases, one is liable even according to Rabbi Shimon. Since stuffing a cloth into a barrel will inevitably lead to wringing wine from it, Rabbi Shimon concedes that doing so is forbidden.

וְהָאָמַר רַב חִיָּיא בַּר אָשֵׁי אָמַר רַב: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וְרַב חָנָן בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. וְרַב חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין מַתְנֵי לַהּ בְּלָא גַבְרֵי, רַב אָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן! אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא: אֲנִי וַאֲרִי שֶׁבַּחֲבוּרָה תַּרְגֵּימְנָא, וּמַנּוּ — רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ.

The Gemara asks again: Didn’t Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi say that Rav said explicitly: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and Rav Ḥanan bar Ami said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. And Rav Ḥiyya bar Avin taught the same tradition without mentioning the names of the men who cited the statements, but cited it directly: Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rather, Rava said: I and the lion of the group explained this. And the Gemara asks: And who is the lion of the group? It is Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin. He and Rava explained: The halakha is indeed in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, but not for his reason.

מַאי ״הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ״? אִילֵּימָא הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן — דְּשָׁרֵי, וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ — דְּאִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן סָבַר מַסֵּי, וְרַב סָבַר לָא מַסֵּי. וְסָבַר רַב לָא מַסֵּי? וְהָא מִדְּקָתָנֵי ״בְּנֵי מְלָכִים סָכִין עַל גַּבֵּי מַכּוֹתֵיהֶן שֶׁמֶן וֶורֶד״, מִכְּלָל דְּמַסֵּי. אֶלָּא: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן — דְּשָׁרֵי, וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ — דְּאִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן סָבַר: אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא שְׁכִיחַ, שְׁרֵי. וְרַב סָבַר: אִי שְׁכִיחַ — אִין, וְאִי לָא שְׁכִיחַ — לָא. וּבְאַתְרָא דְּרַב שְׁכִיחַ מִשְׁחָא דְוַורְדָּא.

The Gemara explains: What exactly is the meaning of the statement: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, but not for his reason? If we say the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who permits smearing rose oil, but not for his reason, because Rabbi Shimon holds that rose oil heals, and Rav holds that it does not heal, which is why he permits smearing it on Shabbat, then does Rav hold that rose oil does not heal? From the fact that it is taught: Princes smear rose [ vered ] oil on their wounds; by inference, it heals. Rather, it means: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who permits rose oil, but not for his reason. As Rabbi Shimon holds that although rose oil is uncommon and expensive, and anyone who sees one smearing it realizes that it is for medicinal purposes, nevertheless, it is permitted. And Rav holds that if rose oil is common in a given place, yes, one may smear it on himself; however, if it is not common there, it is not permitted. And in Rav’s place, roses were common, and that is why he permitted smearing with rose oil on Shabbat. However, in a place where rose oil is uncommon, he concedes to the Rabbis, who prohibited doing so.

הדרן עלך שמנה שרצים

MISHNA: And these are knots for which one is liable to bring a sin-offering if one tied them on Shabbat: A camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot, both of which are meant to be permanent. And just as one is liable to bring a sin-offering for tying these knots, so too, he is liable to bring a sin-offering for untying them. Rabbi Meir says a principle: For tying any knot that one can untie with one of his hands, one is not liable to bring a sin-offering, because a loose knot of that sort is not considered permanent even if that was his intention.

מַתְנִי׳ וְאֵלּוּ קְשָׁרִים שֶׁחַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן: קֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא חַיָּיב עַל קִישּׁוּרָן, כָּךְ הוּא חַיָּיב עַל הֶיתֵּרָן. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל קֶשֶׁר שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ בְּאַחַת מִיָּדָיו — אֵין חַיָּיבִין עָלָיו.

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What are a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot? If you say that these are a knot that one uses to tie a strap to the camel’s nose ring in order to pull it and a knot that one uses to tie a rope to the ring [ isterida ] fixed to the bow of a ship when the ship is docked, then these knots are not meant to be permanent, as they are periodically untied. Rather, a camel driver’s knot is the knot that fixes the nose ring itself in the camel’s nose, and the sailor’s knot is the knot that fixes the ring itself to the ship. These knots are never untied and are permanent.

גְּמָ׳ מַאי קֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין? אִילֵּימָא קִטְרָא דְּקָטְרִי בִּזְמָמָא, וְקִטְרָא דְּקָטְרִי בְּאִיסְטָרִידָא — הַאי קֶשֶׁר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁל קַיָּימָא הוּא! אֶלָּא קִיטְרָא דִזְמָמָא גּוּפֵיהּ, וּדְאִיסְטָרִידָא גּוּפַהּ.

We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Meir says a principle: For tying any knot that one can untie with one of his hands, one is not liable for tying it. Rav Aḥadvoy, brother of Mar Aḥa, raised a dilemma: With regard to tying a bow, what is the ruling according to Rabbi Meir? Is it permitted to tie it tightly on Shabbat or not? The dilemma is: Is the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir merely that because one can untie the knot with one of his hands it is not considered a permanent knot, and this bow too, he can untie it with one of his hands and therefore he would not be liable for tying on Shabbat? Or perhaps the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir is because typically a knot that can be untied with one hand is not particularly tight, and this bow is tight and therefore it is prohibited to tie it on Shabbat. This dilemma is not resolved, and the Gemara concludes: Let it stand unresolved.

רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר כׇּל קֶשֶׁר כּוּ׳. בָּעֵי רַב אַחָדְבוּי אַחוּי דְּמָר אַחָא: עֲנִיבָה לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר מַהוּ? טַעְמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר מִשּׁוּם דְּיָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ בְּאַחַת מִיָּדָיו הוּא — וְהָא נָמֵי יָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ, אוֹ דִילְמָא טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא מִיהַדַּק — וְהַאי [הָא] מִיהַדַּק. תֵּיקוּ.

MISHNA: You have knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering as one is liable for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot; however, it is nevertheless prohibited to tie them. A woman may tie closed the opening of her robe with straps, as well as the strings of her hairnet and the laces of her girdle, i.e., a wide belt tied with laces. One may also tie the straps of a shoe or a sandal, as well as the spouts of wine or oil jugs. One may also tie a garment over a pot of meat. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: One may tie a rope across an entrance before an animal so that it will not go out.

מַתְנִי׳ יֵשׁ לְךָ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין: קוֹשֶׁרֶת אִשָּׁה מִפְתַּח חֲלוּקָהּ, וְחוּטֵי סְבָכָה, וְשֶׁל פָּסִקְיָא, וּרְצוּעוֹת מִנְעָל וְסַנְדָּל, וְנוֹדוֹת יַיִן וָשֶׁמֶן, וּקְדֵירָה שֶׁל בָּשָׂר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: קוֹשְׁרִין לִפְנֵי הַבְּהֵמָה בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא תֵּצֵא.

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: This matter itself is difficult, as there is an internal contradiction in the mishna. On the one hand, you said that there are knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering as he is for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot, which would seem to indicate that although there is no Torah liability, there is a rabbinic prohibition. And then it was taught that a woman may tie the opening of her robe, indicating that doing so is permitted even ab initio . The Gemara answers that this is what the mishna is saying: There are knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering for tying them on Shabbat as he is for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot. And which are these?

גְּמָ׳ הָא גּוּפַהּ קַשְׁיָא: אָמְרַתְּ יֵשׁ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין: חִיּוּבָא הוּא דְּלֵיכָּא, הָא אִיסּוּרָא — אִיכָּא, וַהֲדַר תָּנֵי: קוֹשֶׁרֶת אִשָּׁה מִפְתַּח חֲלוּקָה: אֲפִילּוּ לְכַתְּחִילָּה! הָכִי קָאָמַר: יֵשׁ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין. וּמַאי נִיהוּ —