Pesachim 24a

וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לַאֲכִילָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְאִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה.

And if it does not apply to the matter of the prohibition against eating, as the prohibition against eating these items has already been mentioned, apply it to the matter of the prohibition of deriving benefit.

אִי, מָה כָּאן בִּשְׂרֵיפָה — אַף כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה! אָמַר קְרָא ״בַּקֹּדֶשׁ... בָּאֵשׁ תִּשָּׂרֵף״, בַּקֹּדֶשׁ — בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, וְאֵין כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה.

The Gemara continues: Lest one say that the verse indicates that just as here, the sin-offering is disposed of with burning, so too, all the prohibited items in the Torah must be disposed of with burning, therefore the verse said: “In the sacred place…shall be burnt with fire” (Leviticus 6:23). This indicates that only that which is disqualified in the sacred place is disposed of with burning, but all other prohibited items in the Torah need not be disposed of with burning.

וְהַאי ״בַּקֹּדֶשׁ... בָּאֵשׁ תִּשָּׂרֵף״ לְהָכִי הוּא דַּאֲתָא?! הַאי מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְכִדְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן! דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: ״בַּקֹּדֶשׁ... בָּאֵשׁ תִּשָּׂרֵף״ — לִימֵּד עַל חַטָּאת שֶׁשּׂוֹרְפִין אוֹתָהּ בַּקֹּדֶשׁ. וְאֵין לִי אֶלָּא זוֹ בִּלְבַד, פְּסוּלֵי קׇדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים וְאֵמוּרֵי קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״(וְכׇל) בַּקֹּדֶשׁ... בָּאֵשׁ תִּשָּׂרֵף״.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani asked: And did this verse: “In the sacred place…shall be burnt with fire,” come to teach this halakha ? It is needed to teach in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, as it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon says: “In the sacred place…shall be burnt with fire”; this taught that one must burn a disqualified sin-offering in the sacred place, and not outside the Temple. And I have only derived this, meaning the sin-offering. From where do I derive that disqualified offerings of the most sacred order and portions consumed on the altar, such as the fats of offerings of minor sanctity that become impure, are burned in the Temple courtyard? The verse states: “In the sacred place…shall be burnt with fire.” This indicates that any disqualified offering must be burned in the sacred place.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ, רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן רַבָּךְ מֵהַאי קְרָא קָאָמַר לַהּ: ״וְאִם יִוָּתֵר מִבְּשַׂר הַמִּלֻּאִים וּמִן הַלֶּחֶם עַד הַבֹּקֶר וְגוֹ׳״, שֶׁאֵין תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״, וּמָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ — אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְגוּפֵיהּ, דְּהָא כְּתִיב ״וְשָׂרַפְתָּ אֶת הַנּוֹתָר בָּאֵשׁ״, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לִשְׁאָר אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לַאֲכִילָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְאִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה.

The Sage who taught this halakha to Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said to him: Rabbi Yonatan, your teacher, said that same halakha from this verse: “And if the flesh of the consecration offering, or of the bread, remains until the morning, then you shall burn the leftover with fire; it shall not be eaten, because it is sacred” (Exodus 29:34). As there is no need for the verse to state: “It shall not be eaten,” what is the meaning when the verse states: “It shall not be eaten”? If it does not refer to the subject matter itself, as it is already written explicitly: “Then you shall burn the leftover with fire,” which indicates that one may not eat it, refer it to the matter of the other prohibitions in the Torah. And if it does not refer to the matter of the prohibition against eating, as eating these items is explicitly prohibited, refer it to the matter of the prohibition of deriving benefit. This indicates that it is prohibited for one to derive benefit from any item that it is prohibited for him to eat.

אִי, מָה כָּאן בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, אַף כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה! אָמַר קְרָא ״וְשָׂרַפְתָּ אֶת הַנּוֹתָר״ — נוֹתָר בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, וְאֵין כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה.

The Gemara continues: Lest one say that the verse indicates that just as here, the sin-offering is disposed of with burning, so too, all the prohibited items in the Torah, from which one may not benefit, must be disposed of with burning, therefore the verse said: “You shall burn the leftover,” indicating that the leftover sacrificial meat must be disposed of with burning; however, all other prohibitions in the Torah need not be disposed of with burning, despite the fact that it is prohibited to derive benefit from them.

וְהַאי ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ לְהָכִי הוּא דַּאֲתָא? הַאי מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְכִדְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל כִּי קֹדֶשׁ הוּא״ — כׇּל שֶׁבַּקֹּדֶשׁ פָּסוּל, בָּא הַכָּתוּב לִיתֵּן לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה עַל אֲכִילָתוֹ.

The Gemara challenges: And did this phrase: “It shall not be eaten,” come to teach this prohibition against deriving benefit? This phrase is needed to teach in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar, as Rabbi Elazar said with regard to the statement in the verse: “It shall not be eaten, because it is sacred,” that the verse comes to place a negative mitzva of eating on whatever has been rendered disqualified in the sacred place. In other words, this verse teaches a general halakha that one who eats from offerings that have been disqualified in the Temple transgresses a negative mitzva and is liable to be flogged. It teaches nothing with regard to a prohibition against deriving benefit.

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לְעוֹלָם מִקְרָא קַמָּא, וְאֵיפוֹךְ: דְּלִיכְתּוֹב ״בָּאֵשׁ תִּשָּׂרֵף״, וְלָא בָּעֵי ״לֹא תֵאָכֵל״, מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא תֵאָכֵל״ — אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְגוּפוֹ, דְּנָפְקָא לֵיהּ מִדְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְכׇל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לַאֲכִילָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְאִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה.

Abaye said: Actually, derive this halakha from the first verse cited by Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: “And any sin-offering, of which any of the blood is brought into the tent of meeting to make atonement in the sacred place, shall not be eaten; it shall be burnt with fire” (Leviticus 6:23). And reverse the construct of his exposition. Let the verse write: “It shall be burnt with fire,” and it will not need to write: “Shall not be eaten.” For what purpose then does the verse state: “It shall not be eaten”? If it does not apply to the subject matter itself, as that was already derived from the statement of Rabbi Elazar that whatever has been rendered disqualified in the sacred place may not be eaten, apply it to all other prohibitions in the Torah, including leavened bread on Passover and a stoned ox. And if it does not apply to the prohibition against eating, which is written explicitly, then apply it to the prohibition of deriving benefit.

אִי מָה כָּאן בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, אַף כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה. אָמַר קְרָא ״הַנּוֹתָר״ — הַנּוֹתָר בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, וְאֵין כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה.

The Gemara asks: Lest one say that the verse indicates that just as here, the leftover sacrificial meat is disposed of with burning, so too, all the prohibited items in the Torah, from which one may not benefit, must be disposed of with burning, therefore the verse said: “You shall burn the leftover,” indicating that the leftover sacrificial meat must be disposed of with burning; however, all other prohibited items in the Torah need not be disposed of with burning.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב פָּפָּא לְאַבָּיֵי: וְאֵימָא לְיַחוֹדֵי לֵיהּ לָאו לְגוּפֵיהּ הוּא דַּאֲתָא, דְּאִי מִדְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר — אֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו שֶׁבִּכְלָלוֹת.

Rav Pappa said to Abaye: And why do you hold that the phrase: “You shall not eat,” describing the sin-offering that was sacrificed inside the Sanctuary, is not needed for other purposes? Say that this expression comes in order to designate a negative mitzva for this prohibition itself. As, if this prohibition were derived only from the source quoted by Rabbi Elazar, there will be a prohibition to eat the meat of the sin-offering whose blood was brought into the sanctuary; however, one would not be liable to be flogged for violating it, because one is not flogged for violating a negative mitzva stated in general terms. One is not flogged for violating a negative mitzva that contains several different prohibitions, such as this one, which refers to all disqualified offerings. This is because the negative mitzva is formulated too broadly. Therefore, it is possible to say that when the Torah states: “You shall not eat” with regard to this issue, it is teaching that there is a particular prohibition here and that one is flogged for violating it. If so, the verse cannot indicate a general prohibition against deriving benefit.

אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא, מֵהָכָא: ״וְהַבָּשָׂר אֲשֶׁר יִגַּע בְּכׇל טָמֵא לֹא יֵאָכֵל בָּאֵשׁ יִשָּׂרֵף״, שֶׁאֵין תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״?

Rather, this suggestion should be rejected, and Rav Pappa said that one derives this halakha from here: “And the flesh that touches any impure thing shall not be eaten; it shall be burnt with fire. And as for the flesh, every one that is pure may eat of it” (Leviticus 7:19). As there is no need for the verse to state: “It shall not be eaten,” what does it mean when the verse states: “It shall not be eaten”?

אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְגוּפוֹ, דְּהָא נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מִקַּל וָחוֹמֶר מִמַּעֲשֵׂר הַקַּל: וּמָה מַעֲשֵׂר הַקַּל, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה ״לֹא בִעַרְתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ בְּטָמֵא״ — בְּשַׂר קֹדֶשׁ חָמוּר לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן?!

If it does not refer to the subject matter itself, as that can be derived by means of an a fortiori inference from the second tithe, the halakhot of which are more lenient than those of offerings, then it must refer to something else. As it is possible to say: If with regard to the second tithe, which is more lenient because it does not have the status of an offering, the Torah said that when one recites the confession over the tithes, when destroying the tithes remaining in one’s possession that had not yet been given to the appropriate recipient, he says: “I have not eaten from it in my mourning, neither have I removed it while impure” (Deuteronomy 26:14), indicating that it is prohibited for one to remove tithes while impure, then with regard to consecrated meat, which is more stringent, all the more so is it not clear that it may not be eaten while a person is impure?

וְכִי תֵּימָא ״אֵין מַזְהִירִין מִן הַדִּין״. הֶקֵּישָׁא הוּא, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ תִּירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכֹרֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְגוֹ׳״ —

And if you say that there is a general principle that we do not warn, i.e., we may not deduce a prohibition, through logical derivation alone, then one could respond that his issue is not only derived through an a fortiori inference; rather, it is also derived from an analogy based on a juxtaposition. As it is written: “You may not eat within your gates the tithe of your grain, or of your wine, or of your oil, or the firstborn of your herd or of your flock, nor any of your vows which you have vowed, nor your voluntary offerings, nor the offering of your hand” (Deuteronomy 12:17). Since the verse itself juxtaposes tithes to offerings, it indicates that there is a prohibition with regard to offerings just as there is with regard to tithes.

מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״? אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לְגוּפוֹ, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לְכׇל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. וְאִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָן לַאֲכִילָה, תְּנֵהוּ עִנְיָן לַהֲנָאָה.

The Gemara continues explaining Rav Pappa’s opinion: For what purpose then does the verse state: “It shall not be eaten” with regard to impure consecrated meat? If it does not apply to the subject matter of this verse itself, as that prohibition is derived from the second tithe, then apply it to the matter of all prohibited items in the Torah. And if it does not apply to the prohibition against eating, since that is clear, apply it to the prohibition of deriving benefit.

אִי, מָה כָּאן בִּשְׂרֵיפָה — אַף כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה! אָמַר קְרָא ״הַנּוֹתָר״ — הַנּוֹתָר בִּשְׂרֵיפָה, וְאֵין כׇּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה בִּשְׂרֵיפָה.

And if you say: Lest one say that the verse indicates that just as here, the meat that became impure in the Temple is disposed of with burning, so too, all the prohibited items in the Torah must be disposed of with burning, therefore the verse said: “The leftover,” indicating that the leftover sacrificial meat must be disposed of with burning; however, all other prohibited items in the Torah need not be disposed of with burning.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרַב אָשֵׁי: וְאֵימָא, לַעֲבוֹר עָלָיו בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוִין. לָאו מִי אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אָכַל פּוּטִיתָא — לוֹקֶה אַרְבַּע.

Ravina said to Rav Ashi: And say that this expression: “It shall not be eaten,” comes to teach not the prohibition against deriving benefit, but rather that one who transgresses this negative mitzva violates two prohibitions. And there is precedent for such an explanation, as didn’t Abaye say with regard to a parallel case: If one ate a small water creature [ putita ], he is flogged with four sets of lashes because one violates four prohibitions when eating such a creature? Two of these prohibitions are found in the verse that discusses all types of creeping animals: “You shall not make yourselves detestable with any swarming thing that swarms, neither shall you make yourselves impure with them, that you should be defiled by them” (Leviticus 11:43). A third prohibition applies to creeping animals that live in the water, as the verses say: “And all that have neither fins nor scales…They shall be a detestable thing unto you; you shall not eat of their flesh” (Leviticus 11:10–11). A fourth prohibition is cited in the verse: “And whatever does not have fins and scales you shall not eat; it is impure unto you” (Deuteronomy 14:10).

נְמָלָה — לוֹקֶה חָמֵשׁ.

Similarly, if one ate an ant, he is flogged with five sets of lashes, two sets for the previously mentioned prohibitions of eating a creeping animal, a third based on the verse: “And every creeping thing that swarms upon the earth is a detestable thing; it shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 11:41), and a fourth based on the verse: “All creeping things that swarm upon the earth, them you shall not eat; for they are a detestable thing” (Leviticus 11:42). A fifth prohibition is stated in the verse: “You shall not make yourselves impure through every creeping thing that swarms upon the earth” (Leviticus 11:44).