Commentary page
Berakhot 10a
This page gathers the commentary on one source unit: the classic commentaries as they are printed, the sources the text cites, the sages named in it and direct links back to the text.
Read the full text in the readerBerakhot 10a
Berakhot 10a. The full printed text of this folio side — 32 numbered segments, about 876 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.
Rashi
פתח באשרי וסיים באשרי אלמא חדא היא דאשרי כל חוסי בו סיומא דלמה רגשו גוים הוא:
בריוני פריצים:
חטאים כתיב קרי ביה חטאים שיכלה יצר הרע:
שפיל השפיל עצמך לסוף המקרא כל דבר שהוא בסוף קרוי שפילו של דבר:
סמוכים לעד לעולם בדברי תורה כתיב [אחרי] נאמנים כל פקודיו סמוכים סמיכת כל פקודיו עשוים באמת וישר ולצורך ולא דבר רק:
כלום יש עבד שמורד ברבו ויבא להכחיש את דברי הנביא:
אמור לו כלום יש בן כו' והא חזינן הכא דהוה:
הכא נמי הוה סופיה להיות:
11 more comments on this page.
Rashi on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Tosafot
כל פרשה שהיתה חביבה על דוד כו' וא"ת מאי כל הפרשיות והא לא אשכחן שום פרשה אחרת שמתחלת באשרי ומסיימת באשרי אלא היא. וי"ל דלאו דוקא פתח באשרי וסיים באשרי. אלא חתימה מעין פתיחה כמו תהלה שפתח בתהלה וסיים בתהלה תהלת ה' ידבר פי וכן הרבה פרשיות שמתחילות בהללויה ומסיימות בהללויה:
Tosafot on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Rav Nissim Gaon
אמר לה ההוא מינא לברוריא ברוריא היא בתו של ר' חנינא בן תרדיון והיא היתה אשתו של ר' מאיר ואית' בפירקא קמא דמסכת ע"ז (דף יח) ברוריא דביתהו דר' מאי' ברתי' דר' חנניה בן תרדיון הואי וכבר למדה הרבה חכמות לפני החכמים כדאמרינן בפסחים בפ' תמיד (דף סב:) אמר ליה ומה ברוריא דביתהו דר' מאיר ברתי' דר' חנניה בן תרדיון דהות גמרא תלת מאה (משמעי) [שמעתתא] ביומא מתלת מאה רבותא:
למה נסמכה פרשת אבשלום לפרשת גוג ומגוג פרש' גוג ומגוג הוא המזמור הראשון שכתוב בו יתיצבו מלכי ארץ קשה תרבות רעה בתוך ביתו של אדם יותר ממלחמת גוג ומגוג והתם בפרק לפני אידיהן של גוים (ע"ז דף ג) גרסי' לעתיד באים אומות העולם ומתגיירין ומניחין תפילין בראשיהן ותפילין בזרועותיהן ומזוזה בפתחיהן כיון שרואין מלחמת גוג ומגוג אומר להם על מי אתם באים על ה' ועל משיחו שנא' (תהלים ב) למה רגשו גוים [וגו'] יתיצבו מלכי ארץ מיד כל אחד ואחד מנתק מוסרותיו והולך לו שנא' ננתקה את מוסרותימו וגו' וכולא ברייתא:
Rav Nissim Gaon on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Rashba
פתח באשרי וסיים באשרי כתבו בתוספות דלאו דוקא אשרי, אלא במה שפתח סיים כגון שמתחיל בהללויה וסיים בהללויה, וכן בה' אדונינו (תהלים ח, י), כי הוא דרך שבח יותר. ומכאן סמכו חכמים ברוב הברכות לעשות חתימתן מעין פתיחתן.
Rashba on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Meiri
תלמיד חכם שהיו אי זו מבני אדם מצערים לו אין ראוי לו לקללם אלא יתפלל עליהם שיחזרו בתשובה ומכל מקום יש דברים שהוא רשאי עליהם לקלל ולהחרים ולנדות כמו שיתבאר במקומו בע"ה:
מטכסיסי כל בעל מדה להכיר לזולתו כל מעלה שיש לו יתר עליו, ולא יקנא בו ולא ישתרר עליו באותו דבר שהוא גדול בו עליו, אלא יכיר כל אחד לחברו מה שראוי אם הוא ת"ח ושכנגדו עשיר, יכיר החכם במעלת עשרו וכבודו של זה, ויכיר זה מעלת חכמתו של זה, וכן בכל שאר המעלות ויכיר בעל המועט לבטל היותר להקדים בכבודו, ולעולם ת"ח המעוטר בשלמות מעלת המדות מעלה את הכף השניה, אלא אם היה בה מלך או מנהיג שאין שום מעלה נערכת אצל מעלת מלכות, אלא אם כן מעלת נבואה שאף היא חולקת עם המלכות בהנהגה ובשררה, ואין בזה שקול כבר מצינו שאליהו הלך אצל אחאב וכבר מצינו שכנגדו שיורם הלך אצל אלישע, ומכל מקום אם אירע דבר לאחד מהם או שחלה הולך האחר ומבקרו וכן עשה ישעיהו לחזקיהו:
מצות עשה של פריה ורביה אין לאדם להפקיעה על שם שהוא חושד את עצמו או בת זוגו שלא להעלות זרע הגון, אם על פי השמועה אם על פי השכל אם ע"פ הנסיון, שאין לאדם אצל סתרי השם כלום וכמו שאמרו בהדי כבשי דרחמנא למה לך, ומכל מקום ישתדל בזווגו במה שראוי להשתדל בבת זוג עד שיראה כמתכוין בזווגו להוליד בנים הגונים כמו שהזהירו בבדיקת אחיה ובבת תלמיד חכם וכדומה לזה:
Meiri on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Penei Yehoshua
בגמרא אמר ר"י משום רשב"י מה דכתיב פיה פתחה בחכמה כו' לא אמרו שלמה אלא כנגד דוד אביו כו'. אגדה זו אומרת דורשני דמלבד שאין רמז לדרש זה כלל בפסוק זה דפיה פתחה בחכמה ואף לא בכל אותה פרשה דאיירי באשת חיל ממש והנמשל הוא כנגד התורה אלא דיותר יש לתמוה דלפי זה שאמרו שלמה כנגד דוד אביו א"כ הול"ל פיו פתח בחכמה ותורת חסד על לשונו ולמה קאמר הכל בלשון נקבה ואפשר ליישב כדאשכחן בגמרא כל היכא שמזכיר רוח הקודש מזכיר בל' נקיבה וכדפרש"י נמי הכא שרתה עליו רוח הקודש מ"מ זה דוחק גדול כיון שרוח הקודש גופא לא נזכר כלל בזה הפסוק. ובעיקר הדרשה יש לתמוה יותר דענין ה' עולמות הללו מה טיבן דנהי דארבעה מהם שייך שפיר לכנותן בלשון עולמות שכל א' מהן הוא עולם חדש לפי השתנות כל ימי האדם מיום הווצרו בבטן עד יום המיתה ועד בכלל דהיינו זמן העיבור והלידה והיניקה ויום המיתה מ"מ ודאי מלבד זה יש שינוי זמנים בערך שנות האדם כמו שמנו חכמים במס' אבות וכדאשכחן נמי בדוכתי טובא ומה נשתנו אלו מאלו לקרותן בלשון עולמות מיוחדים וביותר יש לתמוה מה שאמר ראה במפלתן של רשעים וקרא ג"כ בלשון עולם מיוחד ומה טעם יש בדבר כיון שזה ענין אין לו יחוס כלל בערך שנות האדם כמו באינך. והנלע"ד ליישב הכל בהערה אחת לפי מה שמצאנו בס' הזוהר ובספרי המקובלים שחמשה מיני נשמות מצינו באדם והן נפש רוח נשמה חיה יחידה וכמו שיסד הקליר במוסף דר"ה והענין מבואר יותר במקובלים ששלשה מהם שהם נפש רוח נשמה ישנן בכל מיני בני אדם דהיינו נפש הוא נפש התנועה הנתונה בו משעת העיבור שבאותו זמן מתחיל הולד להתנועע ונפש זו היא מספירת המלכות שביו"ד ספירות וחלק נשמת הרוח באה לכל אדם משעת הלידה והיא מס' התפארת שבי' ספירות וחלק נשמת הנשמה ממש באה לו משעת היניקה והיא מס' הבינה הנקראת אמא עלאה והיא אם הבנים כדכתיב כי אם לבינה תקרא על שם שכל השבעה מדות התחתונות יונקות ממדה זו כמו שהבן יונק חלב משדי אמו. ודבר זה מבואר בתכלית בספרי המקובלים כנודע סוף דבר שג' חלקי נשמות שהם נפש רוח נשמה הם בהכרח בכל אדם בזמן עיבור ולידה ויניקה אלא שאם זכה הצדיק זוכה לנשמה יתירה העליונה הנקראת חי' והיא ממדת חכמה ודבר זה אי אפשר להמצא כי אם כשמגיע האדם לכלל גדלות היינו שהוא בן י"ג שנים ויום אחד שאז נתחייב במצות ונכנס בו היצ"ט ומאז ע"י מעשיו זוכה מעט מעט ע"י התגדלות לנשמת חיה הנזכרת. אמנם כן החלק הה' שהיא נשמת יחידה אין שום אדם זוכה בו בחייו אפילו צדיקים גמורים זולת משה רבינו בלבד ולא זולתו. אבל הצדיקים גמורים ודאי זוכי' לנשמת יחידה לאחר מיתתן. ונמצא כל זה הענין בספרי הקבלה ובספר הזוהר. נמצינו למידין שאגדה זאת מפורשת היטב כפתור ופרח שלזה הענין נתכוון רשב"י בעצמו שהוא בעל אגדה זו דהני החמשה ברכי נפשי שאמר דוד ע"ה הם כנגד ה' חלקי מיני נשמות הנזכרים והמה מסודרים לפנינו כסדר נכון שג' ראשונות הם בזמן עיבור ולידה ויניקה כמבואר ובזה יבא ג"כ היטב מה שנזכר באגדה זו שאמר שירה על מה שעשה לה דדים במקום בינה והיינו כמו שזכרנו זאת הנשמה הג' שנקראת נשמה שבאה בזמן היניקה היא באה ממדת בינה ממש אמנם לחלק הד' שהיא חלק הנשמה הנקראת חיה והיא באה ממדת חכמה וכבר זכרנו שאין זוכה בה אלא אדם צדיק אשר בארץ שזוכה בה ע"י מעשיו הטובים בשעה שנכנס בו היצ"ט ולפ"ז שפיר קאמר שראה דוד במפלתן של רשעים ומייתי עלה קרא דיתמו חטאים כו' והיינו ממש כמו שזכרנו שענין מפלתן של רשעים היינו ודאי מפלת היצה"ר כמבואר להדיא באגדה הקודמת מי כתיב יתמו חוטאים יתמו חטאים כתיב ובודאי כשהאדם זוכה לנשמת חי' ע"י מעשיו ומגביר היצ"ט על יצה"ר אין לך מפלה של רשעים גדולה מזו כמ"ש דוד ולבי חלל בקרבי ודרשו רבותינו כנגד יצה"ר והיינו נמי סיפא דקרא ורשעים עוד אינם. אמנם על חלק נשמת יחידה שכבר זכרנו שהיא באה לאחר מיתה היינו דקאמר כיון שנסתכל ביום המיתה אמר שירה כן נ"ל:
שם אמר רב המנונא מאי דכתיב מי כהחכם כו' מאי כי מת אתה ולא תחיה מת אתה בעה"ז ולא תחי' לעה"ב אמר ליה מאי כולי האי כו'. ולכאורה לשון מאי כולי האי אינו מדוקדק ובדרוש העליתי דהכי פירושו דאהא דקאמר ליה ישעיה מת אתה בעה"ז ולא תחי' לעה"ב אהדר ליה חזקי' שפיר מאי כולי האי פי' למה הוצרכת לכפול בלשון דבמאי דקאמרת מת אתה לחוד הוי ידענא שפיר דאעה"ב קאמר דאי לענין עה"ז אין צורך דהא עד חזקי' לא הוי מאן דחליש ואיתפח כדאי' בפ' הפועלים אע"כ דאעה"ב קאי ואהא אהדר ליה ישעיה שפיר משום דלא עסקת בפרי' ורביה א"כ לפ"ז שייך לומר כי מת אתה אהא מלתא גופא שלא היה לו בנים וכל שאין לו בנים נחשב כמת ומש"ה הוצרך לומר ולא תחי' לעה"ב ודוק:
Penei Yehoshua on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Gilyon HaShas
גמ' בעי רחמי עיין תענית כג ב ובזוה"ק פ' וירא במדרש הנעלם בפ' המכסה אני מאברהם:
שם דנפקי מינאי עי' טורי אבן ר"ה יז ב ד"ה ל"ק:
שם אפילו חרב חדה עי' תוס' נדה טז ב ד"ה הכל:
Gilyon HaShas on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria
Ben Yehoyada
“Every section (parashah) that was beloved to David he opened with ‘Ashrei…,’ etc.” It seems to me - with Heaven’s help - that the reason is as follows: It is known that life flows from chokhmah (wisdom), in accordance with the secret of the verse, “And wisdom gives life to its possessor.” Therefore, all illness comes about through the removal of the light of chokhmah from a person, as our master the Ari, of blessed memory, wrote regarding the secret of ‘the sickbed.’ Thus, tzara‘at (leprosy) also occurs through the removal of the light of chokhmah, in the secret of the verse, “They die, but not through wisdom.” And it is known that “head” (rosh) is a term used for chokhmah. With this we can understand, with Heaven’s help, the verse (II Kings 4:19): “And he said to his father, ‘My head, my head!’ And he said to the lad, ‘Carry him to his mother.’” A person must draw life from chokhmah both in his external and internal aspects - corresponding to the spiritual “images” (tzelem) that a person possesses. Therefore the child cried “My head, my head!” in duplication, and the father said, “Carry him to his mother,” because he (the child) comes from the aspect of the female side (nukva), and through her that life-force would be drawn down to him. Accordingly, King David, peace be upon him, who would always seek life for himself - because he had nothing of his own, but rather took his life-force from others - therefore opened with Ashrei and concluded with Ashrei. For he would continually call out “My head, my head!” alluding to the light of chokhmah, since Ashrei (אַשְׁרֵי) and Roshi (רֹאשִׁי, “my head”) have the same letters. He did this in those psalms that were beloved to him - those in which he sang against oppressors - in order to draw through them the light of chokhmah, which is life. For this reason, the recitation of Psalms is effective in drawing down life to the sick, as is known. And therefore the Psalms are 150 in number, corresponding to the numerical value of mazal ha-chayyim (“the constellation of life”), which is also 150. Tosafot, of blessed memory, asked: What does it mean, “every section,” when we do not find any section that begins and ends with Ashrei except for this one alone? It seems to me that the phrase “ends with” is not to be taken literally as referring to the end of the psalm. Rather, the intention is that the psalm contains two occurrences of Ashrei within the same section, and this doubling indicates its belovedness. It does not depend on the actual closing verse of the psalm. And so we indeed find in Psalm 32: “Ashrei he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered; Ashrei the man to whom the Lord does not ascribe iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no deceit.” Likewise in Psalm 119: “Ashrei those whose way is perfect…” “Ashrei those who keep His testimonies…” Thus, Ashrei appears in two verses in one section, and this is what is meant.
“Rabbi Meir was wanting to pray for mercy upon them so that they would die.” This phrase “so that” (כי היכי) is difficult: it appears to be a superfluous expression, for it would have sufficed for the Gemara to say simply, “He sought mercy upon them that they should die.” Furthermore, the Tzelach raises a difficulty: the phrase “he sought mercy” implies that he requested mercy and goodness for them, but the phrase “that they should die” expresses a request for judgment and harm upon them. And further: is it possible that Rabbi Meir did not know the verse, “Even punishing the righteous is not good” (Proverbs 17:26), as was stated earlier on 7a? It seems correct to resolve this, with Heaven’s help, as follows: Rabbi Meir indeed knew that “even punishing the righteous is not good,” and therefore he was not explicitly praying that they should die. Rather, he prayed that they should not be able to attain their evil desire. And this would itself become the cause of their eventual death. For any person who is deeply bound to an evil desire, and cannot attain it, becomes sick due to the intensity of his desire, and over time the absence of the thing he craves can become the cause of his death. Accordingly, in his request he was not asking that they die; he was asking for something that - by itself - would lead to their death: namely, that their evil craving, rooted in their hearts, would be denied to them. And this request could be considered mercy concerning their souls. For an evildoer who is unable to carry out his evil desire is thereby prevented from transgression, and this is a form of mercy for his soul. Therefore it says, “He sought mercy so that they would die” - meaning: he did not request that they die, but he requested something from which their death would result on its own, due to the intense craving and desire in their hearts for something that would no longer be available to them. Then Beruriah, may peace be upon her, said to him that it would be better to request mercy that Heaven help them repent, and then their evil desire would naturally be uprooted from their hearts. With this explanation we also resolve the difficulty of the Gaon, the author of Sefer Chasidim, who asked: If Rabbi Meir already prayed as he wished and was not answered, the Talmud should have mentioned this. And if he had not yet prayed, but only intended to, and Beruriah did not let him, then the Talmud should have said: “He was about to pray for mercy,” etc. But according to what we have explained, the difficulty is resolved. For indeed he had already prayed - that they not attain their desire so that they would eventually die from the absence of what they craved - but they had not yet died, for their death would come only after some time through the absence of the thing they desired. Then Beruriah opened her mouth in wisdom with this good advice and saved them by a new kind of mercy: she urged praying that they repent, and they remained alive. Still, it remains difficult: Why did Rabbi Meir not originally think of Beruriah’s reasoning? It appears, as the Maharsha wrote, that Rabbi Meir held that since “everything is in the hands of Heaven except for fear of Heaven,” one should not pray for others to repent - only for oneself. But this is difficult: If so, how did Moses our teacher, peace be upon him, pray regarding Joshua, “May God save you from the counsel of the spies”? It seems to me that there is a logical distinction: If one prays for a person while he is still righteous that he not sin or stumble, this is acceptable. But for a wicked person - who has already sinned - it is not fitting to request mercy from Heaven that he repent. This is what Rabbi Meir thought initially. And Moses prayed for Joshua while Joshua was still righteous, that he not be ensnared by the spies’ counsel. However, the Rif raised a difficulty: Since in the end Rabbi Meir accepted Beruriah’s reasoning, prayed for mercy, and they repented—how could David, King of Israel, have prayed that his enemies die and cursed them extensively in Psalm 109? For then it seems that David did exactly what Rabbi Meir originally wanted to do. It seems to me that King David, peace be upon him, certainly saw through the Holy Spirit that those enemies were already absorbed into the Side of Evil (Sitra Achra) and had no possibility of repentance. Alternatively, he knew that those enemies were sinners who caused others to sin. And it is an explicit Mishnah: “One who causes the public to sin is not granted the opportunity to repent.” With this we may also resolve the Rif’s second difficulty regarding Rashi, who offered support for Rabbi Meir. For the verse says not חוטאים (“sinners”) but חטאים (“sins”), which implies those who cause others to sin, and they are the ones who should be destroyed. But those local ruffians (the biryonim) did not cause others to sin.
“She did not give birth to children for Gehinnom like you.” It is difficult, for where is Gehinnom mentioned here, since the verse simply says, “she did not give birth”? It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that he inferred this from what is written: “Break forth into song and cry aloud, you who did not travail,” and according to Rashi this also refers to birth, for a woman gives birth through labor pains. But a difficulty remains, for why does the verse double its expression by saying “did not travail” after already saying “did not give birth”? Rather, the meaning of “did not travail” is the language of illness, meaning that she did not suffer from an illness of the soul, and a person who is ill in soul will certainly give birth to children destined for Gehinnom. Still, one may ask that it should have said, “she did not give birth to wicked children like you,” so why say “for Gehinnom”? It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that indeed there are wicked people among Israel, but since they accepted the Torah they are saved from the judgment of Gehinnom, and all the more so in comparison to the salamander which is protected from fire, and therefore when the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Abraham our father, “Choose for yourself either the suffering of the kingdoms or Gehinnom,” he chose the suffering of the kingdoms because he knew that they would accept the Torah, and by an a fortiori argument from the salamander Gehinnom would not rule over them. Therefore the wicked among Israel have their sins atoned through the suffering of exile and afflictions, and they are generally saved from Gehinnom, whereas the nations of the world have no remedy except through Gehinnom. Thus he said, “She did not give birth to children for Gehinnom like you.” And it further seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that even though among Israel there are wicked people who deserve to descend to Gehinnom, such as ignorant people who abandon Torah, nevertheless there is a difference between them and the nations, for Israel are called “holy seed,” such that when the fetus is in its mother’s womb it is holy. Therefore it is written in Isaiah (46:3): “Hearken to Me, house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the house of Israel, who are carried from the womb, who are borne from birth,” for in their mother’s womb they are holy, and only after birth does the evil inclination come to them and gradually strengthen until it renders them wicked. Thus the evil inclination enters a domain that is not his, and he becomes like a robber who seizes the place of the good inclination and the soul. This is not the case with the nations of the world, for they are evil from the womb, coming as they do from the side of evil, and when the evil inclination comes to them he finds a place suited to him and uses what is rightly his. Therefore he said, “She did not give birth to children like you,” meaning that even though Israel may have individuals who descend to Gehinnom, they are not children of Gehinnom from pregnancy and birth, for when they were born they were good and holy.
“We, who expound adjacent passages, have no difficulty.” The commentators asked that a difficulty still remains, for it should have placed the matter of Gog and Magog after David’s flight from Saul, and then the events would follow in order and also be adjacent. It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that if Scripture had done so, we would not have been prompted to expound the adjacency, and we would not have sensed this reason, namely that this psalm provides a justification for the preceding psalm so that those who raise objections should not say, “Is there any servant who rebels against his master,” for we are believers, the children of believers, in everything written in Scripture. But now that the order is reversed, mentioning Absalom before Saul, this points a finger to us to notice why the later event was placed first, and this awareness prompts us to seek a reason. Then naturally one will say, “Is there any servant, etc.” In light of this statement one may understand the hint in the verse (Proverbs 23:1): “When you sit to eat with a ruler, understand well what is before you.” The ruler is the Sadducee who argues and contends with you, and he asks why the later event was placed earlier, for his intention is to use this to deny the very principle and to say, “This is false, God forbid, for is there any servant, etc.” Therefore you must understand well what is before you, meaning specifically that you should answer him by interpreting the adjacency, as Rabbi Yose taught, and reflect on this.
“Is there any servant who rebels against his master?” It is difficult, for was there not the generation of the Dispersion? As for Nimrod, there is no difficulty, for he made himself into a god, saying that the Holy One, blessed be He, due to His greatness, does not supervise the lower world and has handed it over to intermediaries. And likewise Pharaoh, although he said, “Who is the Lord?,” did not rebel, for he did not know the divine name of Havayah, only the name Elokim, as our master the Ari, of blessed memory, wrote. But the generation of the Dispersion acted like Gog and Magog, for they came to build the tower in order to ascend to the heavens and fight, Heaven forbid. One sees that such a corrupt thought did exist in the world. It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that the objector will answer: indeed such a corrupt thought existed in the generation of the Dispersion, but after the great punishment inflicted upon them, whereby they perished from the world in an evil manner, immediately all the wicked were chastened and such rebellion was not found in the world thereafter. Furthermore, the generation of the Dispersion lived before the Exodus from Egypt and the splitting of the Red Sea, at a time when people’s eyes were still closed, but afterward such a thing would not be found.
“They said this only regarding David their father.” It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that King David and the five occasions are hinted at in this verse. “Her mouth” is “pi he,” which is the letter hei, hinting to King David whose grasp is in the final hei of the Divine Name. “She opened” is “patacha,” whose letters indicate the opening of the hei, meaning the five songs that he recited through the Holy Spirit. As for what is written (Psalms 103:1), “All my innards bless His holy Name,” this is interpreted as “the innards of my mother,” meaning “my innards,” that is, the place of my dwelling and residence, they say a song to His holy Name. This means that after King David grew and attained the Holy Spirit, he formed in his mind an image as if he were once again standing in his mother’s womb as he had been, and he recited a song about the kindness shown to him, how a body was sustained within a body and preserved, as our sages wrote regarding the verse (Job 10:12), “You granted me life and kindness.” And so for all the other occasions he would, upon reaching maturity, imagine each event on its own and recite a song about the kindness of the Holy One, blessed be He.
“What is the meaning of ‘all His benefits’? Rabbi Elazar said that He made breasts for her in the place of understanding.” It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that “benefits” (gemulav) hints to “the benefit of sixteen,” for the numerical value of “dad dad” (breast breast) is sixteen, meaning that the good He bestowed on us was the two sixteens, namely the two breasts, which He placed in the location of understanding, which is the heart. This is also hinted at in the letters yod and vav, since yod and vav when spelled out have the numerical value of lev (heart), which is thirty-two. The breasts are also alluded to in the word gemulav, for it is known from the writings of our master the Ari, of blessed memory, regarding the verse (Numbers 11:26), “One’s name was Eldad and the other’s name was Medad,” that the right breast comes from the letters “El” in the name Elokim, and the left breast from the letters “Mi” in the name Elokim, and the milk within them is from the secret of the letter hei in the name Elokim. And the word gemulav without the yod has the value of eighty-five, and with the inclusive unit makes eighty-six, which equals the name Elokim, and this is the Elokim associated with the sefirah of Binah, from which the secret of the breasts derives. Furthermore, the phrase kol gemulav has the value of one hundred and forty-five, which equals “breasts Elokim” that is one hundred and forty-four, plus an additional unit, and reflect on this. And the reason he recited a song specifically about the breasts and not about other limbs such as the eye, ear, or mouth, which are positioned in an elevated place at the top of the body, is because those organs are the same among all creatures, whereas the breasts are positioned in animals in a place of filth, but in humans they are placed in the region of understanding. Therefore he gives thanks and praise for this. Moreover, this kindness that the Holy One, blessed be He, performed in placing the breasts near the heart has greater significance for Israel than for the nations, for even though the nations also have breasts near the heart, which is the place of understanding, nevertheless they have no distinction in this and it is as if their breasts were located in a place of filth. Therefore our sages of blessed memory said that one who nurses from the nations is as if he nursed from an impure creature. In this way I have explained, with Heaven’s help, a hint of the verse in my homilies on the Torah, “Behold, a people that dwells alone and is not counted among the nations” (Numbers 23:9). This praises Israel, for “a people that dwells alone” can be divided into “the heart of the breast dwells,” meaning the breast has its dwelling near the heart, the place of understanding, but this distinction does not apply to the nations. Hence, “among the nations it is not reckoned,” for they have no special status from this even though their breasts are also near the heart.
“He saw the downfall of the wicked.” One may ask what relevance this has to himself such that he should recite a song. It seems to me, with Heaven’s help, that according to his spiritual level King David, peace be upon him, came into the world only in order to sing away the tyrants and cut down the thorns and thistles that surround the supernal rose. Therefore all his days he engaged in battles below, and through them he cut down the spiritual husks above. This is why Abigail said to him that he was fighting the battles of the Lord, for this was his task all his life, and because of this he composed the Book of Psalms. She saw through the Holy Spirit the downfall of the wicked, meaning the spiritual husks that he would sing away, and she perceived that he was succeeding in this mission for which he had come into the world. Therefore he recited a song over this success.
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Ben Yehoyada on Berakhot 10a · Sefaria · CC0
What this page contains
A full text unit for Berakhot, daf 10, Amud Aleph, about 876 words in 32 segments. Segment numbers make it easier to return to an exact line; the commentaries below are quoted from their printed sources.
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A unit-by-unit map of all 32 segments on this page: opening words, the moves the text actually makes and a link back to that exact segment.
- Segment 124 words
Opens “כָּל פָּרָשָׁה שֶׁהָיְתָה חֲבִיבָה עַל דָּוִד, פָּתַח…”
- Segment 237 words
Opens “הָנְהוּ בִּרְיוֹנֵי דַּהֲווֹ בְּשִׁבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר וַהֲווֹ…”
- Segment 322 words
Opens “וְעוֹד, שְׁפֵיל לְסֵיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא ״וּרְשָׁעִים עוֹד אֵינָם״,…”
- Segment 45 words
Opens “בְּעָא רַחֲמֵי עִלָּוַיְהוּ, וַהֲדַרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה.…”
- Segment 515 words
Opens “אֲמַר לַהּ הַהוּא מִינָא לִבְרוּרְיָא: כְּתִיב ״רָנִּי…”
- Segment 615 words
Opens “אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: שָׁטְיָא, שְׁפֵיל לְסֵיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא, דִּכְתִיב:…”
- Segment 717 words
Opens “אֶלָּא מַאי ״עֲקָרָה לֹא יָלָדָה״ — רָנִּי…”
- Segment 831 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מִינָא לְרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ, כְּתִיב:…”
- Segment 916 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַתּוּן דְּלָא דָּרְשִׁיתוּן סְמוּכִין —…”
- Segment 1015 words
Opens “דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: סְמוּכִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה מִנַּיִן…”
- Segment 1131 words
Opens “לָמָּה נִסְמְכָה פָּרָשַׁת אַבְשָׁלוֹם לְפָרָשַׁת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג…”
- Segment 1235 words
Opens “אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן…”
- Segment 1315 words
Opens “דָּר בִּמְעֵי אִמּוֹ וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכִי…”
- Segment 1424 words
Opens “יָצָא לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם וְנִסְתַּכֵּל בְּכוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת וְאָמַר…”
- Segment 1516 words
Opens “יָנַק מִשְּׁדֵי אִמּוֹ וְנִסְתַּכֵּל בְּדַדֶּיהָ וְאָמַר שִׁירָה,…”
- Segment 1611 words
Opens “מַאי ״כָּל גְּמוּלָיו״. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: שֶׁעָשָׂה…”
- Segment 1718 words
Opens “טַעְמָא מַאי? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא…”
- Segment 1819 words
Opens “רָאָה בְּמַפַּלְתָּן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר:…”
- Segment 1917 words
Opens “נִסְתַּכֵּל בְּיוֹם הַמִּיתָה, וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכִי…”
- Segment 2021 words
Opens “מַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּעַל יוֹם הַמִּיתָה נֶאֱמַר? אָמַר…”
- Segment 2193 words
Opens “רַב שִׁימִי בַּר עוּקְבָא וְאָמְרִי לַהּ מָר…”
- Segment 228 words
Opens “מַאי ״אֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ״ — אֵין צַיָּיר…”
- Segment 2338 words
Opens “מַאי ״כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ״? אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה…”
- Segment 2424 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ, אֲנָא הָכִי קָא אָמֵינָא לָךְ:…”
- Segment 2579 words
Opens “מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מָלֵא כָּל הָעוֹלָם…”
- Segment 2655 words
Opens “אָמַר רַב הַמְנוּנָא: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״מִי כְּהֶחָכָם…”
- Segment 2759 words
Opens “מָה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא — הֵבִיא…”
- Segment 2824 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי כּוּלֵּי הַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ:…”
- Segment 2920 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בַּהֲדֵי כַּבְשֵׁי דְרַחֲמָנָא לְמָה לָךְ?…”
- Segment 3028 words
Opens “אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַשְׁתָּא הַב לִי בְּרַתָּךְ, אֶפְשָׁר…”
- Segment 3118 words
Opens “כָּךְ מְקּוּבְּלַנִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אַבָּא, אֲפִילּוּ חֶרֶב…”
- Segment 3226 words
Opens “אִתְּמַר נָמֵי, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר דְאָמְרִי…”
Encyclopedia entries citing this page
- Rabbi Abbahu · Amoraim · Second and third generation Amoraim
Rabbi Abbahu was a prominent Amora in the Land of Israel, known for his wisdom, humility, and defense of Judaism against heretics.
Cited source: Berakhot 10a
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Original text
כָּל פָּרָשָׁה שֶׁהָיְתָה חֲבִיבָה עַל דָּוִד, פָּתַח בָּהּ בְּ״אַשְׁרֵי״ וְסִייֵּם בָּהּ בְּ״אַשְׁרֵי״. פָּתַח בְּ״אַשְׁרֵי״, דִּכְתִיב: ״אַשְׁרֵי הָאִישׁ״. וְסִייֵּם בְּ״אַשְׁרֵי״, דִּכְתִיב: ״אַשְׁרֵי כָּל חוֹסֵי בוֹ״.
Every chapter that was dear to David, he began with “happy is” and concluded with “happy is.” He opened with “happy is,” as it is written: “Happy is the man who has not walked in the counsel of the wicked or stood in the way of sinners or sat in the dwelling place of the scornful” (Psalms 1:1). And he concluded with “happy,” as it is written at the end of the chapter: “Pay homage in purity, lest He be angry, and you perish on the way when His anger is kindled suddenly. Happy are those who take refuge in Him” (Psalms 2:12). We see that these two chapters actually constitute a single chapter.
הָנְהוּ בִּרְיוֹנֵי דַּהֲווֹ בְּשִׁבָבוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר וַהֲווֹ קָא מְצַעֲרוּ לֵיהּ טוּבָא. הֲוָה קָא בָּעֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר רַחֲמֵי עִלָּוַיְהוּ כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֵימוּתוּ. אָמְרָה לֵיהּ בְּרוּרְיָא דְּבֵיתְהוּ: מַאי דַּעְתָּךְ — מִשּׁוּם דִּכְתִיב ״יִתַּמּוּ חַטָּאִים״, מִי כְּתִיב ״חוֹטְאִים״? ״חַטָּאִים״ כְּתִיב.
With regard to the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, that David did not say Halleluya until he saw the downfall of the wicked, the Gemara relates: There were these hooligans in Rabbi Meir’s neighborhood who caused him a great deal of anguish. Rabbi Meir prayed for God to have mercy on them, that they should die. Rabbi Meir’s wife, Berurya, said to him: What is your thinking? On what basis do you pray for the death of these hooligans? Do you base yourself on the verse, as it is written: “Let sins cease from the land” (Psalms 104:35), which you interpret to mean that the world would be better if the wicked were destroyed? But is it written, let sinners cease?” Let sins cease, is written. One should pray for an end to their transgressions, not for the demise of the transgressors themselves.
וְעוֹד, שְׁפֵיל לְסֵיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא ״וּרְשָׁעִים עוֹד אֵינָם״, כֵּיוָן דְּ״יִתַּמּוּ חַטָּאִים״ ״וּרְשָׁעִים עוֹד אֵינָם״? אֶלָּא בְּעִי רַחֲמֵי עִלָּוַיְהוּ דְּלַהְדְּרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה, ״וּרְשָׁעִים עוֹד אֵינָם״.
Moreover, go to the end of the verse, where it says: “And the wicked will be no more.” If, as you suggest, transgressions shall cease refers to the demise of the evildoers, how is it possible that the wicked will be no more, i.e., that they will no longer be evil? Rather, pray for God to have mercy on them, that they should repent, as if they repent, then the wicked will be no more, as they will have repented.
בְּעָא רַחֲמֵי עִלָּוַיְהוּ, וַהֲדַרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה.
Rabbi Meir saw that Berurya was correct and he prayed for God to have mercy on them, and they repented.
אֲמַר לַהּ הַהוּא מִינָא לִבְרוּרְיָא: כְּתִיב ״רָנִּי עֲקָרָה לֹא יָלָדָה״, מִשּׁוּם דְּלֹא יָלָדָה — רָנִּי?
The Gemara relates an additional example of Berurya’s incisive insight: A certain heretic said to Berurya: It is written: “Sing, barren woman who has not given birth, open forth in song and cry, you did not travail, for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife, said the Lord” (Isaiah 54:1). Because she has not given birth, she should sing and rejoice?
אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ: שָׁטְיָא, שְׁפֵיל לְסֵיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי רַבִּים בְּנֵי שׁוֹמֵמָה מִבְּנֵי בְעוּלָה אָמַר ה׳״.
Berurya responded to this heretic’s mockery and said: Fool! Go to the end of the verse, where it is written: “For the children of the desolate shall be more numerous than the children of the married wife, said the Lord.”
אֶלָּא מַאי ״עֲקָרָה לֹא יָלָדָה״ — רָנִּי כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁדּוֹמָה לְאִשָּׁה עֲקָרָה שֶׁלֹּא יָלְדָה בָּנִים לְגֵיהִנָּם כְּוָתַיְיכוּ.
Rather, what is the meaning of: “Sing, barren woman who has not given birth”? It means: Sing congregation of Israel, which is like a barren woman who did not give birth to children who are destined for Gehenna like you.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מִינָא לְרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ, כְּתִיב: ״מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד בְּבָרְחוֹ מִפְּנֵי אַבְשָׁלוֹם בְּנוֹ״, וּכְתִיב: ״לְדָוִד מִכְתָּם בְּבָרְחוֹ מִפְּנֵי שָׁאוּל בַּמְּעָרָה״. הֵי מַעֲשֶׂה הֲוָה בְּרֵישָׁא? מִכְּדִי מַעֲשֵׂה שָׁאוּל הֲוָה בְּרֵישָׁא, לִכְתּוֹב בְּרֵישָׁא.
In explaining passages from Psalms, the Gemara relates another instance of a response to the question of a heretic: A certain heretic said to Rabbi Abbahu, it is written: “A Psalm of David, when he fled from his son, Absalom” (Psalms 3:1), and similarly it is said: “To the chief musician, al tashḥet , a mikhtam of David when fleeing from Saul into the cave” (Psalms 57:1). Which event was first? Since the event with Saul was first, it would have been appropriate to write it first.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַתּוּן דְּלָא דָּרְשִׁיתוּן סְמוּכִין — קַשְׁיָא לְכוּ, אֲנַן דְּדָרְשִׁינַן סְמוּכִים — לָא קַשְׁיָא לַן.
Rabbi Abbahu said to him: For you, who do not employ the homiletic method of juxtaposition of verses, it is difficult. But for us, who employ the homiletic method of juxtaposition of verses, it is not difficult, as the Sages commonly homiletically infer laws and moral lessons from the juxtaposition of two verses.
דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: סְמוּכִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה מִנַּיִן — שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״סְמוּכִים לָעַד לְעוֹלָם עֲשׂוּיִם בֶּאֱמֶת וְיָשָׁר״.
Regarding the juxtaposition of verses, Rabbi Yoḥanan said: From where in the Bible is it derived that one may draw homiletical inferences from the juxtaposition of verses? As it is said: “The works of His hands in truth and justice, all His commandments are sure. Adjoined forever and ever, made in truth and uprightness” (Psalms 111:7–8). Conclude from here that it is appropriate to draw inferences from the juxtaposition of God’s commandments. Accordingly, David’s fleeing from Absalom is situated where it is in order to juxtapose it to the next chapter, which mentions the war of Gog and Magog; the second chapter of Psalms opens: “Why are the nations in an uproar?”
לָמָּה נִסְמְכָה פָּרָשַׁת אַבְשָׁלוֹם לְפָרָשַׁת גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג — שֶׁאִם יֹאמַר לְךָ אָדָם: כְּלוּם יֵשׁ עֶבֶד שֶׁמּוֹרֵד בְּרַבּוֹ?! אַף אַתָּה אֱמוֹר לוֹ: כְּלוּם יֵשׁ בֵּן שֶׁמּוֹרֵד בְּאָבִיו? אֶלָּא הֲוָה, הָכָא נָמֵי הֲוָה.
Why was the chapter of Absalom juxtaposed with the chapter of Gog and Magog? They are juxtaposed so that if a person should say to you, expressing doubt with regard to the prophecy of the war of Gog and Magog “against the Lord and against His anointed”: Is there a slave who rebels against his master? Is there someone capable of rebelling against God? You too say to him: Is there a son who rebels against his father and severs the relationship with the one who brought him into the world and raised him? Yet, nevertheless, there was such a son, Absalom, and so too there can be a situation where people will seek to rebel against God.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי. מַאי דִּכְתִיב, ״פִּיהָ פָּתְחָה בְחָכְמָה וְתוֹרַת חֶסֶד עַל לְשׁוֹנָהּ״. כְּנֶגֶד מִי אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה מִקְרָא זֶה? — לֹא אֲמָרוֹ אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד דָּוִד אָבִיו, שֶׁדָּר בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עוֹלָמִים, וְאָמַר שִׁירָה.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said explanations of other verses in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: What is the meaning of that which is written: “She opens her mouth with wisdom, and the teaching of loving-kindness is on her tongue” (Proverbs 31:26)? The Sages explain that this chapter discusses the wisdom of Torah and those who engage in its study, so with reference to whom did Solomon say this verse? He said this verse about none other than his father, David, who was the clearest example of one who opens his mouth in wisdom, and who resided in five worlds or stages of life and his soul said a song of praise corresponding to each of them. Five times David said: “Bless the Lord, O my soul,” each corresponding to a different stage of life.
דָּר בִּמְעֵי אִמּוֹ וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳ וְכָל קְרָבַי אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשׁוֹ״.
He resided in his mother’s womb, his first world, and said a song of praise of the pregnancy, as it is stated: “Of David. Bless the Lord, O my soul and all that is within me bless His holy name” (Psalms 103:1), in which he thanks God for creating all that is within his mother, i.e., her womb.
יָצָא לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם וְנִסְתַּכֵּל בְּכוֹכָבִים וּמַזָּלוֹת וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכוּ ה׳ מַלְאָכָיו גִּבֹּרֵי כֹחַ עוֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל דְּבָרוֹ בָּרְכוּ ה׳ כָּל צְבָאָיו וְגוֹ׳״.
He emerged into the atmosphere of the world, his second world, looked upon the stars and constellations and said a song of praise of God for the entirety of creation, as it is stated: “Bless the Lord, His angels, mighty in strength, that fulfill His word, listening to the voice of His word. Bless the Lord, all His hosts, His servants, that do His will. Bless the Lord, all His works, in all places of His kingship, bless my soul, Lord” (Psalms 103:20–23). David saw the grandeur of all creation and recognized that they are mere servants, carrying out the will of their Creator ( Ma’ayan HaBerakhot ).
יָנַק מִשְּׁדֵי אִמּוֹ וְנִסְתַּכֵּל בְּדַדֶּיהָ וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳ וְאַל תִּשְׁכְּחִי כָּל גְּמוּלָיו״.
He nursed from his mother’s breast, his third world, and he looked upon her bosom and said a song of praise, as it is stated: “Bless the Lord, O my soul, and do not forget all His benefits [ gemulav ]” (Psalms 103:2). The etymological association is between gemulav and gemulei meḥalav , which means weaned from milk (Isaiah 28:9).
מַאי ״כָּל גְּמוּלָיו״. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהּ דַּדִּים בִּמְקוֹם בִּינָה.
We still must understand, however, what is meant by all His benefits? What in particular is praiseworthy in what God provided, beyond merely providing for the infant? Rabbi Abbahu said: In contrast with most other animals, God placed her breasts near her heart, the place that is the source of understanding.
טַעְמָא מַאי? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִסְתַּכֵּל בִּמְקוֹם עֶרְוָה. רַב מַתְנָא אָמַר: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִינַק מִמְּקוֹם הַטִּנּוֹפֶת.
What is the reason that God did this? Rav Yehuda said: So that the nursing child would not look upon the place of his mother’s nakedness. Rav Mattana said: So that the child would not nurse from a place of uncleanliness.
רָאָה בְּמַפַּלְתָּן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִתַּמּוּ חַטָּאִים מִן הָאָרֶץ וּרְשָׁעִים עוֹד אֵינָם בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳ הַלְלוּיָהּ״.
He witnessed in both vision and reality the downfall of the wicked and he said a song of praise, as it is stated: “Let sinners cease from the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless the Lord, O my soul, Halleluya ” (Psalms 104:35).
נִסְתַּכֵּל בְּיוֹם הַמִּיתָה, וְאָמַר שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳, ה׳ אֱלֹהַי גָּדַלְתָּ מְּאֹד הוֹד וְהָדָר לָבָשְׁתָּ״.
The fifth world was when David looked upon the day of death and said a song of praise, as it is stated: “Bless the Lord, O my soul. Lord my God, You are very great; You are clothed in glory and majesty” (Psalms 104:1); for even death is a time of transcendence for the righteous.
מַאי מַשְׁמַע דְּעַל יוֹם הַמִּיתָה נֶאֱמַר? אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב שֵׁילָא, מִסֵּיפָא דְעִנְיָינָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״תַּסְתִּיר פָּנֶיךָ יִבָּהֵלוּן תֹּסֵף רוּחָם יִגְוָעוּן וְגוֹ׳״.
The connection between this final praise and the day of death is unclear. The Gemara asks: From where is it inferred that this verse was stated with regard to the day of death? Rabba bar Rav Sheila says: We can derive this from the verses at the end of the matter, where it is written: “You hide Your face, they vanish; You gather Your breath, they perish and return to the dust” (Psalms 104:29).
רַב שִׁימִי בַּר עוּקְבָא וְאָמְרִי לַהּ מָר עוּקְבָא, הֲוָה שְׁכִיחַ קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פַּזִּי, וַהֲוָה מְסַדַּר אַגָּדָתָא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי דִּכְתִיב, ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה׳ וְכָל קְרָבַי אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשׁוֹ״? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בֹּא וּרְאֵה שֶׁלֹּא כְּמִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם. מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם צָר צוּרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַכּוֹתֶל, וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהָטִיל בָּהּ רוּחַ וּנְשָׁמָה קְרָבַיִם וּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם. וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ כֵּן, צָר צוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ צוּרָה וּמֵטִיל בָּהּ רוּחַ וּנְשָׁמָה קְרָבַיִם וּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרָה חַנָּה: ״אֵין קָדוֹשׁ כַּה׳ כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ וְאֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ״.
Other interpretations of this verse exist. The Gemara relates how Rav Shimi bar Ukva, and some say Mar Ukva, would regularly study before Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, who was well versed in aggada and would arrange the aggada before Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. Once, Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said to him: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Bless the Lord, my soul, and all that is within me bless His Holy name”? Rav Shimi bar Ukva said to Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: Come and see that the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not like the attribute of flesh and blood, as this verse praises the formation of man in his mother’s womb. The attribute of flesh and blood is such that he shapes a form on the wall for all to see, yet he cannot instill it with a spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. While the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not so, as God shapes one form within another form, a child in its mother’s womb, and instills it with spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. And this is the explanation of what Hannah said with regard to the birth of Samuel: “There is none holy like the Lord, for there is none like You, and there is no Rock like our God” (I Samuel 2:2).
מַאי ״אֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ״ — אֵין צַיָּיר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ.
What is the meaning of there is no rock [ tzur ] like our God? There is no artist [ tzayyar ] like our God.
מַאי ״כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ״? אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר מְנַסְיָא: אַל תִּקְרֵי ״כִּי אֵין בִּלְתֶּךָ״, אֶלָּא ״אֵין לְבַלּוֹתֶךָ״. שֶׁלֹּא כְּמִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם: מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם — מַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו מְבַלִּין אוֹתוֹ, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְבַלֶּה מַעֲשָׂיו.
The Gemara continues to interpret the rest of that verse homiletically: What is the meaning of “there is none like You”? Rabbi Yehuda ben Menasya said: Do not read the verse to mean “there is none like You [ biltekha ]”; rather, read it to mean “none can outlast You [ levalotkha ],” as the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not like the attribute of flesh and blood: The attribute of flesh and blood is such that his creations outlast him, but the Holy One, Blessed be He, outlasts His actions.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ, אֲנָא הָכִי קָא אָמֵינָא לָךְ: הָנֵי חֲמִשָּׁה ״בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי״ כְּנֶגֶד מִי אֲמָרָן דָּוִד? לֹא אֲמָרָן אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּכְנֶגֶד נְשָׁמָה.
This did not satisfy Rav Shimi bar Ukva, who said to Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: I meant to say to you as follows: Corresponding to whom did David say these five instance of “Bless the Lord, O my soul”? He answered him: He said them about none other than the Holy One, Blessed be He, and corresponding to the soul, as the verse refers to the relationship between man’s soul and God. The five instances of “Bless the Lord, O my soul” correspond to the five parallels between the soul in man’s body and God’s power in His world.
מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מָלֵא כָּל הָעוֹלָם — אַף נְשָׁמָה מְלֵאָה אֶת כָּל הַגּוּף. מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רוֹאֶה וְאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה — אַף נְשָׁמָה רוֹאָה וְאֵינָהּ נִרְאֵית. מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא זָן אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ — אַף נְשָׁמָה זָנָה אֶת כָּל הַגּוּף. מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא טָהוֹר — אַף נְשָׁמָה טְהוֹרָה. מָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יוֹשֵׁב בְּחַדְרֵי חֲדָרִים — אַף נְשָׁמָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת בְּחַדְרֵי חֲדָרִים. יָבֹא מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים הַלָּלוּ וִישַׁבֵּחַ לְמִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים הַלָּלוּ.
Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, fills the entire world, so too the soul fills the entire body. Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, sees but is not seen, so too does the soul see, but is not seen. Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, sustains the entire world, so too the soul sustains the entire body. Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, is pure, so too is the soul pure. Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, resides in a chamber within a chamber, in His inner sanctum, so too the soul resides in a chamber within a chamber, in the innermost recesses of the body. Therefore, that which has these five characteristics, the soul, should come and praise He Who has these five characteristics.
אָמַר רַב הַמְנוּנָא: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״מִי כְּהֶחָכָם וּמִי יוֹדֵעַ פֵּשֶׁר דָּבָר״ — מִי כְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ לַעֲשׂוֹת פְּשָׁרָה בֵּין שְׁנֵי צַדִּיקִים, בֵּין חִזְקִיָּהוּ לִישַׁעְיָהוּ. חִזְקִיָּהוּ אֲמַר: לֵיתֵי יְשַׁעְיָהוּ גַּבַּאי, דְּהָכִי אַשְׁכְּחַן בְּאֵלִיָּהוּ דַּאֲזַל לְגַבֵּי אַחְאָב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֵּלֶךְ אֵלִיָּהוּ לְהֵרָאוֹת אֶל אַחְאָב״. יְשַׁעְיָהוּ אֲמַר: לֵיתֵי חִזְקִיָּהוּ גַּבַּאי דְּהָכִי אַשְׁכְּחַן בִּיהוֹרָם בֶּן אַחְאָב דַּאֲזַל לְגַבֵּי אֱלִישָׁע.
With regard to redemption and prayer, the Gemara tells the story of Hezekiah’s illness, his prayer to God, and subsequent recuperation. Rav Hamnuna said: What is the meaning of that which is written praising the Holy One, Blessed be He: “Who is like the wise man, and who knows the interpretation [ pesher ] of the matter” (Ecclesiastes 8:1)? This verse means: Who is like the Holy One, Blessed be He, Who knows how to effect compromise [ peshara ] between two righteous individuals, between Hezekiah, the king of Judea, and Isaiah the prophet. They disagreed over which of them should visit the other. Hezekiah said: Let Isaiah come to me, as that is what we find with regard to Elijah the prophet, who went to Ahab, the king of Israel, as it is stated: “And Elijah went to appear to Ahab” (I Kings 18:2). This proves that it is the prophet who must seek out the king. And Isaiah said: Let Hezekiah come to me, as that is what we find with regard to Yehoram ben Ahab, king of Israel, who went to Elisha the prophet, as it is stated: “So the king of Israel, Jehosaphat and the king of Edom went down to him” (II Kings 3:12).
מָה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא — הֵבִיא יִסּוּרִים עַל חִזְקִיָּהוּ, וְאָמַר לוֹ לִישַׁעְיָהוּ: לֵךְ וּבַקֵּר אֶת הַחוֹלֶה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם חָלָה חִזְקִיָּהוּ לָמוּת וַיָּבֹא אֵלָיו יְשַׁעְיָהוּ בֶּן אָמוֹץ הַנָּבִיא וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ צְבָאוֹת צַו לְבֵיתֶךָ כִּי מֵת אַתָּה וְלֹא תִחְיֶה וְגוֹ׳״. מַאי ״כִּי מֵת אַתָּה וְלֹא תִחְיֶה״: מֵת אַתָּה — בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, וְלֹא תִחְיֶה — לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא.
What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do to effect compromise between Hezekiah and Isaiah? He brought the suffering of illness upon Hezekiah and told Isaiah: Go and visit the sick. Isaiah did as God instructed, as it is stated: “In those days Hezekiah became deathly ill, and Isaiah ben Amoz the prophet came and said to him: Thus says the Lord of Hosts: Set your house in order, for you will die and you will not live” (Isaiah 38:1). This seems redundant; what is the meaning of you will die and you will not live? This repetition means: You will die in this world, and you will not live, you will have no share, in the World-to-Come.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי כּוּלֵּי הַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא עֲסַקְתְּ בִּפְרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִשּׁוּם דַּחֲזַאי לִי בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ דְּנָפְקִי מִינַּאי בְּנִין דְּלָא מְעַלּוּ.
Hezekiah said to him: What is all of this? For what transgression am I being punished? Isaiah said to him: Because you did not marry and engage in procreation. Hezekiah apologized and said: I had no children because I envisaged through divine inspiration that the children that emerge from me will not be virtuous. Hezekiah meant that he had seen that his children were destined to be evil. In fact, his son Menashe sinned extensively, and he thought it preferable to have no children at all.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בַּהֲדֵי כַּבְשֵׁי דְרַחֲמָנָא לְמָה לָךְ? מַאי דְּמִפַּקְּדַתְּ אִיבְּעִי לָךְ לְמֶעְבַּד, וּמָה דְנִיחָא קַמֵּיהּ קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא — לַעֲבֵיד.
Isaiah said to him: Why do you involve yourself with the secrets of the Holy One, Blessed be He? That which you have been commanded, the mitzva of procreation, you are required to perform, and that which is acceptable in the eyes of the Holy One, Blessed be He, let Him perform, as He has so decided.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַשְׁתָּא הַב לִי בְּרַתָּךְ, אֶפְשָׁר דְּגָרְמָא זְכוּתָא דִידִי וְדִידָךְ, וְנָפְקִי מִנַּאי בְּנִין דִּמְעַלּוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּבָר נִגְזְרָה עָלֶיךָ גְּזֵירָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בֶּן אָמוֹץ, כַּלֵּה נְבוּאָתְךָ וָצֵא!
Hezekiah said to Isaiah: Now give me your daughter as my wife; perhaps my merit and your merit will cause virtuous children to emerge from me. Isaiah said to him: The decree has already been decreed against you and this judgment cannot be changed. Hezekiah said to him: Son of Amoz, cease your prophecy and leave. As long as the prophet spoke as God’s emissary, Hezekiah was obligated to listen to him. He was not, however, obligated to accept Isaiah’s personal opinion that there was no possibility for mercy and healing.
כָּךְ מְקּוּבְּלַנִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אַבָּא, אֲפִילּוּ חֶרֶב חַדָּה מוּנַּחַת עַל צַוָּארוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, אַל יִמְנַע עַצְמוֹ מִן הָרַחֲמִים.
Hezekiah continued: I have received a tradition from the house of my father’s father, from King David, the founding father of the dynasty of kings of Judea: Even if a sharp sword rests upon a person’s neck, he should not prevent himself from praying for mercy. One may still hold out hope that his prayers will be answered, as was David himself when he saw the Angel of Destruction, but nonetheless prayed for mercy and his prayers were answered.
אִתְּמַר נָמֵי, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר דְאָמְרִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ: אֲפִילּוּ חֶרֶב חַדָּה מוּנַּחַת עַל צַוָּארוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, אַל יִמְנַע עַצְמוֹ מִן הָרַחֲמִים. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הֵן יִקְטְלֵנִי לוֹ אֲיַחֵל״.
With regard to the fact that one should not despair of God’s mercy, the Gemara cites that it was also said that Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Eliezer both said: Even if a sharp sword is resting upon a person’s neck, he should not prevent himself from praying for mercy, as it is stated in the words of Job: “Though He slay me, I will trust in Him” (Job 13:15). Even though God is about to take his life, he still prays for God’s mercy.