Commentary page

Bava Metzia 56a

This page gathers the commentary on one source unit: the classic commentaries as they are printed, the sources the text cites, the sages named in it and direct links back to the text.

Read the full text in the reader

Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Bava Metzia 56a

Bava Metzia 56a. The full printed text of this folio side — 12 numbered segments, about 290 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמְרוּ: מְחַלְּלִין (אוֹתוֹ), כֶּסֶף עַל נְחֹשֶׁת, מִדּוֹחַק, לֹא שֶׁיְּקַיֵּים כֵּן, אֶלָּא שֶׁחוֹזֵר וּמְחַלְּלָן עַל הַכֶּסֶף. קָתָנֵי מִיהַת: מְחַלְּלִין מִדּוֹחַק, מִדּוֹחַק – אִין, שֶׁלֹּא מִדּוֹחַק – לָא.

The reason one must employ this procedure is due to the fact that the Sages said: One desacralizes second-tithe silver coins upon copper coins under duress. And it is not that he will maintain them in that form; rather, it is that he again desacralizes them upon silver coins. In any event, the tanna teaches that one desacralizes second-tithe coins in this manner under duress, from which it may be inferred: Under duress, yes; not under duress, no. This is the halakha with regard to redemption of second-tithe coins by Torah law. By contrast, in the case of demai , which is by rabbinic law, Rabbi Meir permits desacralizing it in this manner ab initio . Apparently, Rabbi Meir is more lenient with regard to matters of rabbinic law than he is with regard to matters of Torah law.

Segment 2

אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵּיקֵל רַבִּי מֵאִיר בְּפִדְיוֹנוֹ, מַחְמִיר הוּא בַּאֲכִילָתוֹ, דְּתַנְיָא: לֹא הִתִּירוּ לִמְכּוֹר דְּמַאי אֶלָּא לְסִיטוֹן בִּלְבָד, וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת. בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ, צָרִיךְ לְעַשֵּׂר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר.

Rav Yosef said: Although Rabbi Meir is lenient with regard to redemption of second-tithe demai , he is stringent with regard to its consumption. This is as it is taught in a baraita : The Sages permitted only a wholesaler to sell demai . Since a wholesaler acquires grain from numerous sources and sells large quantities, he would suffer significant loss if he were required to separate tithes each time. But in the case of a proprietor who purchased produce from an am ha’aretz , whether he purchased large quantities to sell in bulk or whether he purchased small quantities to sell little by little, he must tithe the produce; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir.

Segment 3

וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד הַסִּיטוֹן וְאֶחָד בַּעַל הַבַּיִת – מוֹכֵר, וְשׁוֹלֵחַ לַחֲבֵירוֹ, וְנוֹתֵן לוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ.

The baraita continues: And the Rabbis say: Both a wholesaler and a proprietor who sells in bulk may sell demai , or send it to another, or give it to him as a gift, and they need not be concerned. The one who receives the produce separates the tithes and consumes the remaining produce. In this baraita , Rabbi Meir was stringent with regard to the concern that someone will consume demai without the tithes being separated.

Segment 4

מֵתִיב רָבִינָא: הַלּוֹקֵחַ מִן הַנַּחְתּוֹם, מְעַשֵּׂר מִן הַחַמָּה עַל הַצּוֹנֶנֶת, וּמִן הַצּוֹנֶנֶת עַל הַחַמָּה, וַאֲפִילּוּ מִדְּפוּסִים הַרְבֵּה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר.

Ravina raises an objection from a mishna ( Demai 5:3): One who purchases bread from a baker who is unreliable with regard to tithes [ am ha’aretz ] may tithe from warm bread for, i.e., to exempt, cold bread, and from cold bread for warm bread, and one may do so even if the bread is in different shapes from many molds; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir.

Segment 5

בִּשְׁלָמָא מִן הַצּוֹנֶנֶת עַל הַחַמָּה, כִּדְרַבִּי אִילְעַאי. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אִילְעַאי: מִנַּיִן לַתּוֹרֵם מִן הָרָעָה עַל הַיָּפָה שֶׁתְּרוּמָתוֹ תְּרוּמָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְלֹא תִשְׂאוּ עָלָיו חֵטְא בַּהֲרִימְכֶם אֶת חֶלְבּוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ״. אִם אֵינוֹ קֹדֶשׁ, נְשִׂיאַת חֵטְא לָמָּה? מִכָּאן לַתּוֹרֵם מִן הָרָעָה עַל הַיָּפָה, שֶׁתְּרוּמָתוֹ תְּרוּמָה.

Granted, one may tithe from cold bread for warm bread, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elai, as Rabbi Elai says: From where is it derived with regard to one who separates teruma from poor-quality produce for superior-quality produce that his teruma is teruma ? It is as it is stated: “And you shall bear no sin by reason of it, seeing that you have set apart from it the best thereof” (Numbers 18:32). The Torah warns the Levites not to separate teruma from low-quality produce. The question arises: If when one separates lower-quality produce, that produce is not sacred, why would one think that he bears sin? He did nothing. From here it is derived that although the Levite acted improperly, in the case of one who separates teruma from poor-quality produce for superior-quality produce, his teruma is teruma .

Segment 6

אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ מִדְּפוּסִים הַרְבֵּה, לֵיחוּשׁ דִּלְמָא אָתֵי לְאַפְרוֹשֵׁי מִן הַחִיּוּב עַל הַפְּטוּר, וּמִן הַפְּטוּר עַל הַחִיּוּב!

Rather, with regard to the halakha that one may tithe even if the bread is in different shapes from many molds, let Rabbi Meir be concerned lest the buyer come to tithe from the loaves that one is obligated to tithe for the loaves that one is exempt from tithing, or from the exempt for the obligated. Since these loaves are all demai , it is possible that the loaves shaped in one mold were baked from produce that was tithed and the loaves shaped in another mold were baked from produce that was not tithed. Apparently, Rabbi Meir rules leniently in cases of rabbinic law, e.g., demai .

Segment 7

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר שַׁפִּיר קָא קַשְׁיָא לֵיהּ, וּשְׁמוּאֵל לָא שַׁפִּיר קָא מְשַׁנֵּי לֵיהּ. דְּקַשְׁיָא לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִיתָה דְּבִידֵי שָׁמַיִם, וּמְשַׁנֵּי לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל: מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. דִּלְמָא שָׁאנֵי מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין דַּחֲמִירָא!

The Gemara returns to discuss the difficulties raised above. Abaye said: The problem raised by Rabbi Elazar was legitimately difficult for him, and Shmuel did not legitimately responded to his difficulty by stating that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. The reason the response is insufficient is that it was the case in the mishna of teruma of the tithe, which is punishable with death at the hand of Heaven, that was difficult for Rabbi Elazar, who was questioning whether the Sages reinforced their pronouncements concerning such a prohibition and rendered them parallel to Torah law; and Shmuel responded to him by citing Rabbi Meir’s opinion concerning a bill of divorce, which involves court -imposed capital punishment. Perhaps the case involving court -imposed capital punishment is different, as it is more stringent, and Rabbi Meir renders rabbinic law parallel to Torah law only in such a case.

Segment 8

וְרַב שֵׁשֶׁת לָא שַׁפִּיר קָא מוֹתֵיב לֵיהּ, דְּקָאָמְרִי אִינְהוּ מִיתָה. וּמוֹתֵיב רַב שֵׁשֶׁת לָאו, דִּכְתִיב ״לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ״. וּלְמַאי דְּמוֹתֵיב רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, רַב יוֹסֵף שַׁפִּיר קָא מְשַׁנֵּי לֵיהּ.

Abaye continued: And Rav Sheshet does not legitimately raise an objection, as Rabbi Elazar and Shmuel are speaking about cases punishable by death, and Rav Sheshet raised his objection from a case involving a mere prohibition, as it is written with regard to second tithe: “You may not eat within your gates the tithe of your grain, or of your wine, or of your oil” (Deuteronomy 12:17). And to that which Rav Sheshet raised as an objection, Rav Yosef legitimately respond to his difficulty.

Segment 9

אֶלָּא רָבִינָא, עַד דְּמוֹתֵיב מִנַּחְתּוֹם לְסַיַּיע לֵיהּ מִפַּלְטֵר! דִּתְנַן: הַלּוֹקֵחַ מִן הַפַּלְטֵר – מְעַשֵּׂר מִן כׇּל דְּפוּס וּדְפוּס, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר.

But as for Ravina, the question arises: Rather than raising an objection from this case of a baker, from which proof is cited that Rabbi Meir does not draw a parallel between rabbinic law and Torah law, let him cite support for the assessment of the opinion of Rabbi Meir from the case of a bread merchant [ mipalter ], as we learned in a mishna ( Demai 5:4): One who purchases bread from a merchant tithes separately from the bread of each and every mold; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. In this case, Rabbi Meir is stringent with regard to demai .

Segment 10

אֶלָּא מַאי אִית לָךְ לְמֵימַר? פַּלְטֵר מִתְּרֵי תְּלָתָא גַּבְרָא זָבֵין, נַחְתּוֹם נָמֵי מֵחַד גַּבְרָא הוּא זָבֵין.

Rather, what have you to say in explaining why Ravina did not cite a proof from this mishna? It is because a merchant purchases his supply from two or three people. Therefore, Rabbi Meir holds that one must be concerned that perhaps one of the suppliers separated tithes and another did not, so the customer must separate tithes from the bread of each and every mold. But if that is the case, Ravina should not cite a proof from the case of the baker, as well; as the baker discussed in the mishna typically purchases his stock of grain from only one person. Therefore, in that case there is no concern that perhaps the customer will tithe from the loaves that he is exempt from tithing for the loaves that he is obligated to tithe.

Segment 11

רָבָא אָמַר: שְׁמוּאֵל שַׁפִּיר קָא מְשַׁנֵּי לֵיהּ, שֵׁם מִיתָה בָּעוֹלָם.

Rava said: Shmuel responds well to that which was difficult to Rabbi Elazar, as the category of death in the world is one. Therefore, it is appropriate to cite proof from the case of court-imposed capital punishment to the case of death at the hand of Heaven.

Segment 12

מַתְנִי׳ אֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם אוֹנָאָה: הָעֲבָדִים, וְהַשְּׁטָרוֹת, וְהַקַּרְקָעוֹת, וְהַהֶקְדֵּשׁוֹת. אֵין לָהֶן תַּשְׁלוּמֵי כֶפֶל, וְלֹא תַּשְׁלוּמֵי אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם אֵינוֹ נִשְׁבָּע, וְנוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר:

MISHNA: These are matters that are not subject to the halakhot of exploitation even if the disparity between the value and the payment is one-sixth or greater: Slaves, and documents, and land, and consecrated property. In addition, if they are stolen, these items are subject neither to payment of double the principal for theft nor to payment of four or five times the principal, if the thief slaughtered or sold a stolen sheep or cow, respectively. An unpaid bailee does not take an oath and a paid bailee does not pay if these items were stolen or lost. Rabbi Shimon says:

Bava Metzia 56a

Bava Metzia 56a

Rashi

Tosafot

Rashba

Meiri

Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

Maharam

Shita Mekubetzet

Penei Yehoshua

What this page contains

Continue the sequence

Parallel sources

Lessons and study tools

Sages named on this page

Original text