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    Avodah Zarah 22a

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    Babylonian Talmud · folio map

    Avodah Zarah 22a

    Avodah Zarah 22a. The full printed text of this folio side — 11 numbered segments, about 202 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

    Rashi

    Mishnah "We do not place an animal in gentile inns" - This refers to inns where travelers lodge and pay the owners for accommodations.

    "Because they are suspected of bestiality" The descendants of Noah (gentiles) are prohibited from such acts, as it is written, "They shall become one flesh" (Genesis 2:24), which excludes animals, wild creatures, and birds. Allowing this would violate the prohibition of "Do not place a stumbling block before the blind."

    Rashi on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria · CC0

    Tosafot

    "We do not place an animal in gentile inns" The Gemara teaches that one is also prohibited from handing over an animal to their gentile shepherd. The question arises: What is our basis for relying on allowing our animals to be left alone with them, as we often do? Additionally, we even entrust our animals to their shepherds. It cannot be explained based on what Rav said earlier in the first chapter (Avodah Zarah 14b), "In a place where it is permitted to sell, it is permitted to leave the animal alone," because that explanation does not hold; even Rav ultimately retracted that position. Rather, Rabbeinu Tam explains that we rely on Rabbi Pedat's answer in the Gemara (23a), which establishes that the Mishnah follows the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, who is concerned about bestiality, whereas the baraita—which permits purchasing animals from them for sacrifices—follows the Sages, who are not concerned about this. Since we follow the Sages, this concern does not apply to us. And although Ravina, who represented the later authorities, disagreed with Rabbi Pedat and offered a different explanation, Rabbi Pedat's reasoning appears more compelling for several reasons: Rabbi Pedat's interpretation precedes Ravina's, as Rabbi Pedat lived many years before Ravina. Rabbi Pedat was the son of Rabbi Eliezer, as stated in the first chapter of Berakhot (11b), and he was also a colleague of Rabbi Zeira, as stated in the first chapter of Niddah (8a): Rabbi Zeira said to Rabbi Pedat, "See, from you and your father the world receives blessing." That Rabbi Eliezer, Rabbi Pedat's father, was a student of Rabbi Yochanan. Furthermore, in matters of rabbinic decrees, we follow the more lenient opinion. And although the anonymous Mishnah, "We do not place [an animal in gentile inns]," is established according to Rabbi Eliezer, nevertheless, the halacha does not follow him, because there is a dispute about this in Masechet Parah (Chapter 2, Mishnah 1), and in two tractates everyone agrees that there is no fixed order of precedence (ein seder).

    Tosafot on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria · CC0

    Rabbeinu Chananel

    הנהו מוריקאי דעובד כוכבים מלקט ונקיט בשבתא וישראל נקיט בחד בשבתא אתו לקמיה דרבא שרא להו ואותביה רבינא ישראל ועובד כוכבים שקיבלו שדה בשותפות לא יאמר ישראל לעובד כוכבים טול חלקך אתה בשבת ואני חלקי בחול ואם התנו מעיקרא על מנת שיום השבת לעובד כוכבים ויום אחד בשבת לישראל שרי ואם באו לחשבון פי' שיאמר אחד לחבירו לקחת אתה בשבת כך וכך כספים ואני לא לקחתי בחול אלא פחות מרוק לי וכן אם אמר העובד כוכבים לישראל כעניין הזה אסור ואינו מותר אלא אם התנו מעיקרא מה שיזדמן בשבת הרי הוא לעובד כוכבים בין רב בין מעט וכן בחול לישראל.

    איכסיף רבא לסוף איגלאי מילתא דהתנו מעיקרא הוו ושפיר שרא להו רבא.

    רב גביהה מבי כתיל אמר שתלאי דערלה הוו עובד כוכבים אכל שני ערלה וישראל אכל שני דהיתירא כו'.

    איבעיא להו אם התנו מעיקרא מותר סתמא מאי ולא איפשיטא ועבדי' ביה לחומרא דאיסורא דאורייתא היא:

    ירושל' הא במקום שנהגו למכור מוכרין להן אפי' בית דירה ומשכירין להן אפילו בית דירה ר' בון בשם רבנן דתמן זאת אומרת שדה הנתונה על אם הדרך אסור להשכירה לעובד כוכבים מפני שנקראת על שמו ועובד כוכבים עושה בה מלאכה בשבתות וי"ט:

    בתוספתא שאלו לר' יהושע מהו שילמד אדם את בנו חכמת יוונית אמר להן צאו וראו איזו שעה אינה לא מן היום ולא מן הלילה שהיום והלילה חייב בהגיון תורה שנא' והגית בו יומם ולילה. תוספתא לא יטייל ישראל עם שיירא בתרפות אפי' לצאת אפי' מקדים ואפי' מחשיך ואפי' מתיירא מפני ליסטים מפני רוח רעה חיה רעה שנא' לא תלכו אחרי אלהים אחרים ר' אלעזר (בר) [בנו ש"ר] יוסי הגלילי אומר אם ראית רשע יוצא לדרך התרחק ממנו ג' ימים כי מלאכי חבלה יוצאין עמו שנא' הפקד עליו רשע ושטן יעמד על ימינו וכן אם ראית צדיק יוצא לדרך צא עמו כי מלאכי שלום עמו שנא' כי מלאכיו יצוה לך לשמרך בכל דרכיך:

    הדרן עלך לפני אידיהן:

    Rabbeinu Chananel on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria

    Ritva

    חדא ועוד קאמר כו׳ ק״ל היכי שביק תנא טעם לפני עור דאוריתא ונקט אידך טעמא בהדיא דהוי מפני מראית העין בעלמא ומשמע דליכא איסורא אחרינא וי״ל משום דרוב כותיים צייתי במלאכה דחולו של מועד לפי שיש בה הרבה מקראות לדרוש שהוא מן התורה כדאיתא בחגיגה וגם קרוב הדבר אל הדעת אלא שיש מיעוט דלא צייתי כיון שאין הכתוב מפורש ואנן מעיקרא כי אמרינן כותי לא צייתי קס״ד דכל כותי לא ציית כלל ולהכי פרכי׳ אי הכי תיפוק לי משום לפני עור דבשלמא לדידי כותי נמי ציית ומהדרינן חדא ועוד קאמר חדא דלפני עור לכותי שהוא חשוד דלא ציית ולסתם כותי דציית ליכא משום עור דמעיקרא כשמכרנו לו סמכנו על הרוב דצייתי וכי לא ציית לנו אנסו ומיהו איכא משום שנקראת על שמו ונקט התנא הטעם שנוהג ברוב הכותיים וכי אמרינן לעיל כותי לא ציית הכי אמרינן דגוי ודאי ציית אבל כותי זימנין דלא ציית וזהו מה שלמד מכאן הר״מבן ז״ל דסוגיין מוכחא דאיסור מלאכה בחולו של מועד דאורייתא לכל שאין בו צורך המועד אלא דבר האבד שאלמלא כן הא ודאי פשיטא דלא ציית כלל ואית בה משום לפני עור וכבר הארכתי בזה במקומו בס״ד עיין שם.

    ואם באו לחשבון אסור פי׳ הר״אבד ז״ל דאהתנו מתחילה קאי דכיון דבאו לחשבון לא התנו אלא להערמה ואינו נכון דאם כן היכי דייקי מינה לקמן הא סתמא שרי דשאני מתני׳ דהתנו ואנן מבעיא לן בסתמא גמורה שלא התנו ולא באו לחשבון כלל לכך הנכון כמו שפר״שי דהכא בשלא התנו מתחילה.

    הנהו שתילי דערלה הוו כו' פירוש ובכי האי דכ״ע מותר ואם תאמר ומאי שנא והלא אסור להחליף פיחת של ערלה והכא נמי הוי כמחליף פר״שי ז״ל שכן דרך מקבלי קרקע שהעובד אותו יאכל פירותיו ועדין קשה שהרי יש לומר כי כשהניחו ישראל לגוי לעבוד ולאכול שני ערלה הוי כמחליף והנכון בעיני דכיון דפירות ערלה אסורין בהנאה לישראל לא נחית ישראל אדעתייהו כלל ומאי דיהב ליה כנגדם משאר השניה מתנה בעלמא הוא והוי כאותה שאמרו בירושלמי על מתניתין דמכרן וקדש בדמיהן מקודשת לפי שאינן דמיהן מה שאין כן באידך דישראל אדעתא דפירות שבת נחת שילקטם בחול וכי נקיט גוי בשבת או איהו בחד בשבתא הוי כמחליף כנ״ל וקרוב לזה פירוש הר״ם הלוי ז״ל.

    Ritva on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria

    Meiri

    When an Israelite and a gentile are partners in a piece of land—whether the land belongs to both or they jointly accepted it for labour and both worked it—when the time of harvest arrives, it is prohibited for the Israelite to say to the gentile: "The Sabbath harvest will be yours to reap and sell for yourself, and the weekday harvest will be mine to reap and sell for myself." If he does so, the Israelite is forbidden to benefit from the produce of both Sabbath and weekday, as he shares with the gentile the portion harvested on the Sabbath. This is because, in essence, the gentile acts as the Israelite’s agent, and the Israelite’s share is derived from the Sabbath labour. However, if they agreed at the start of the work that the Sabbath would entirely belong to the gentile, it is permitted, as each week’s Sabbath labour is entirely the gentile’s responsibility. But they must not calculate afterwards—for instance, by accounting the value of the Sabbath’s harvest against the weekday harvest to equalize their shares. If they do, this demonstrates that their initial agreement was insincere and merely a deceptive manoeuvre. Some interpret that the permissibility of such agreements depends on making them before the Sabbath begins. This view, which is the main interpretation, holds that as long as the arrangement was made prior to the Sabbath, it is valid. If no prior agreement was made, and the Israelite did not instruct the gentile to work on the Sabbath but the gentile harvested on his own accord, and the Israelite worked one weekday in return, without any subsequent calculations, even this is prohibited. This is because the gentile has no inherent right to work on the Sabbath without an explicit agreement, and all the harvest becomes mixed. If the exact produce or profits from the Sabbath are identifiable, they should be separated. If not, prominent halachic authorities have ruled that the gentile takes one-seventh of the profits, with the remainder being divided equally. If an Israelite and a gentile are partners in a bakery, the same principles apply. Some authorities permit the gentile to operate the oven on the Sabbath and the Israelite to operate it on weekdays without prior agreement, as the baking oven’s primary value is its operation after heating. This is unlike a field, where the labour improves the land itself. Regarding the Passover holiday, if the gentile bakes chametz (leavened bread) in the oven, it seems that the permissibility depends on whether there was a prior agreement. Similarly, an Israelite may tell the gentile before Passover: "The bakery will be entirely yours for the week of Passover—whether it is productive or not—and I will take an equivalent week afterwards." This is especially permissible if the Israelite secured their share before Passover or sold their rights for that week. The French rabbis (Rabbanim Tzarfat) have ruled accordingly. Additionally, an Israelite who collects a daily tax of bread from a gentile may not take the bread during Passover but may take an equivalent amount after Passover.

    If an Israelite and a gentile share ownership of a courtyard and wish to build a dividing wall, it is prohibited for the Israelite to allow the gentile to build on the Sabbath if the Israelite is legally obligated to pay for half the expenses. If, however, they agreed initially that the gentile would build for a specified number of days or half the wall, this is permitted. Even though this is not typically done as part of a fixed tenancy or rental agreement, since the gentile’s partnership is known, it is clear that the labour is not being done on behalf of the Israelite.

    If an Israelite and a gentile jointly own an animal, it is prohibited in any circumstance to leave it rented out for labour on the Sabbath. If the animal is rented to the gentile for transport, the Israelite may not take weekday earnings in exchange. Additionally, agreements are ineffective here because the Israelite is commanded to ensure the animal rests on the Sabbath (mitzvat shevitat behemah). However, if the animal is used for riding purposes, the Israelite’s share of the rental income is permitted.

    If an Israelite partners with a gentile in a trade or shop, they must initially agree that the profits of the Sabbath will belong entirely to the gentile, while the weekday profits will belong to the Israelite—regardless of the amounts involved. If no such agreement is made, it is forbidden for the Israelite to take any Sabbath earnings or their weekday equivalent. If the profits are mixed and cannot be identified, prominent authorities have ruled that the gentile takes one-seventh of the profits, while the rest is divided equally. Some are lenient, likening this to subcontracted labour or monetary investments.

    If an Israelite gives money to a gentile to invest, even if the gentile works with the funds on the Sabbath, the Geonim ruled that the profits may be shared equally, with no concern for wrongdoing. This applies even to trade partnerships without prior stipulations. The reasoning is that since profits do not depend on specific days, the Sabbath does not carry any particular significance. Often, greater profits are made in a single moment than in several days.

    If an Israelite and a gentile jointly lease a field, they may agree—even after starting the partnership—that the gentile will work the first two years (when the crops are forbidden as orlah), while the Israelite will work the equivalent afterwards. This does not constitute an exchange of orlah, as it is the norm for fieldworkers to eat the produce they harvest. Furthermore, since the entire produce belongs to the partners, any benefit from forbidden items is indirect and permissible.

    The Talmud in Sanhedrin explains that forming partnerships with gentiles is generally prohibited, lest the Israelite compel the gentile to take an oath, and the gentile swears by idolatry. This violates the Torah’s commandment: “And the name of other gods shall not be heard on your lips” (Exodus 23:13).

    It is well known that the Samaritans were deemed full gentiles; thus, they are treated like gentiles regarding all these laws. Nonetheless, from what is stated about them in this section regarding labour on Chol HaMoed (intermediate festival days)—where the principle of lifnei iver (placing a stumbling block before the blind) is applied—we learn that this principle applies even to rabbinic prohibitions. Since the Samaritans are converts and are obligated in the same commandments as Israelites, they must be cautious regarding all prohibitions. Labour on Chol HaMoed is a rabbinic prohibition, as it is not explicitly stated with the term shabbaton (“complete rest”), as explained in Chagigah (2:1). However, later sages suggested that labour on Chol HaMoed may have a biblical basis, given the principle of mikra kodesh (“holy convocation”), though it is not on the level of full Torah law. This is comparable to the recitation of Hallel on Rosh Chodesh, which, though established rabbinically, carries great weight. Thus, we conclude that the principle of lifnei iver applies even to rabbinic prohibitions.

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    Meiri on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria · CC0

    Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

    On Rashi, in the commentary beginning "Even though they accepted it together initially and he said to him..." Rashi's intent is that they initially accepted it together in a general way (stam), and afterwards, one said to the other, etc. This interpretation resolves the matter.

    On Tosafot, in the commentary beginning "Come and hear If they stipulated..." The question is raised: Why not derive the rule from the earlier clause (reisha)? Tosafot respond that this is because the Gemara wants to clarify, etc. Their explanation is as follows: From the earlier clause, one could infer that in a general case (stam), the ruling is lenient, as it says, "He should not say, etc."—implying that in a general case where nothing was explicitly stated, it would be permitted. To address this, Tosafot explain that one cannot derive leniency from the earlier clause (reisha), because it is possible that the phrase "He should not say, etc." is only mentioned due to the subsequent clause (seifa), "If they stipulated, etc." This teaches that even if one explicitly stipulates, "You take Shabbat in exchange for weekday," it is permitted. Without the earlier clause, we might have assumed the permission only applies when one does not explicitly stipulate "Take Shabbat in exchange for weekday," but rather says initially, "Take days in exchange for days," and includes Shabbat as part of the gentile's portion implicitly. Thus, there is no difficulty in asking, "What is being inferred? If they stipulated, it is permitted—implying that in a general case, it is prohibited?" Since one could respond that the phrase "If they stipulated" even permits an explicit stipulation, the Mishnah should have included the general case of permission (stam) to teach the more significant novelty (chidush) that a general case is permitted, all the more so if there was an explicit stipulation. As Tosafot write later, "Certainly, if they stipulated, it is permitted, even if they explicitly calculate." The novelty of a general case being permitted is greater than the novelty of a stipulated case in all circumstances. This explanation resolves the issue.

    On Tosafot, in the commentary beginning "We do not place an animal, etc." Tosafot write, "This reasoning does not stand, etc. And in two tractates, everyone agrees there is no order." This is difficult to understand: Why is it necessary to mention that "everyone agrees there is no order"? Even if there were an order, the case here involves an anonymous Mishnah (stam) followed by a dispute. The anonymous ruling is here in Seder Nezikin in Tractate Avodah Zarah, and the dispute appears later in Seder Taharot in Tractate Parah. Investigate this carefully.

    Chidushei Halachot on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria · CC0

    Maharam

    ד"ה אי הכי ת"ל וכו' ופירש הר"ר אלחנן בשלמא א"א דכותי נקט לרבותא וה"ה עובד כוכבים וכו' פירושו תמוה דאי הוה סלקא אדעתיה דאע"ג דקתני כותי הוה ה"ה עובד כוכבים א"כ מה פריך לעיל אבל עובד כוכבים מאי שרי וכו' הא אמרת דה"ה עובד כוכבים וכבר הארכתי בזה בישיבה ותירצתי הכל באופן נאות יותר מפי' זה:

    ד"ה ת"ש וכו' וא"ת לידוק מרישא וכו' ר"ל מרישא דקתני לא יאמר טול אתה וכו' דמשמע הא סתמא מותר:

    בא"ד אלא משום דבעי וכו' אע"פ שהתנה לו כך בפירוש נ"ל שהספר חסר וצ"ל וי"ל דאיכא למימר דה"ה סתמא אלא משום דבעי למתני סיפא וכו' אע"פ שאמר לו כך בפי' וק"ל:

    אין מעמידין פרק שני :

    Maharam on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria

    Gilyon HaShas

    גמ' איכסיף גיטין עז ע"ב ב"מ צז ע"א:

    שם לא היו דברים מעולם עירובין מ ע"א ועיין תוספות יבמות לה ע"ב ד"ה דכ"ע. נדה כד ע"א תוס' ד"ה אר"פ. ב"ב קנד ע"ב תד"ה ברם. בכורות ד ע"ב תד"ה אלא:

    Gilyon HaShas on Avodah Zarah 22a · Sefaria

    What this page contains

    A full text unit for Avodah Zarah, daf 22, Amud Aleph, about 202 words in 11 segments. Segment numbers make it easier to return to an exact line; the commentaries below are quoted from their printed sources.

    A unit-by-unit map of all 11 segments on this page: opening words, the moves the text actually makes and a link back to that exact segment.

    1. Segment 128 words

      Opens “אֲרִיסוּתָא לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר לֵית לֵיהּ,…”

    2. Segment 230 words

      Opens “אִי הָכִי, מַאי אִירְיָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת עַל…”

    3. Segment 314 words

      Opens “הָנְהוּ מוֹרִיקָאֵי דְּגוֹי נָקֵיט בְּשַׁבְּתָא, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּחַד…”

    4. Segment 422 words

      Opens “אֵיתִיבֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרָבָא: יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹי שֶׁקִּיבְּלוּ שָׂדֶה…”

    5. Segment 512 words

      Opens “וְאִם בָּאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן — אָסוּר. אִיכְּסִיף, לְסוֹף…”

    6. Segment 621 words

      Opens “רַב גְּבִיהָה מִבֵּי כְתִיל אָמַר: הָנְהוּ שְׁתִילֵי…”

    7. Segment 712 words

      Opens “וְהָא אוֹתְבֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרָבָא! לְסַיּוֹעֵי סַיְּיעֵיהּ. וְהָא…”

    8. Segment 815 words

      Opens “אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: סְתָמָא מַאי? תָּא שְׁמַע: אִם…”

    9. Segment 916 words

      Opens “אֵימָא סֵיפָא: אִם בָּאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן — אָסוּר,…”

    10. Segment 104 words

      Opens “הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ לִפְנֵי אֵידֵיהֶן.…”

    11. Segment 1128 words

      Opens “מַתְנִי׳ אֵין מַעֲמִידִין בְּהֵמָה בְּפוּנְדְּקָאוֹת שֶׁל גּוֹיִם,…”

    Sages named on this page

    • Ravina [the Last] · Amoraim · Sixth Generation of Amoraim

      Ravina was a prominent sixth-generation Amoraic sage, a student-colleague of Rav Ashi, who played a crucial role in the sealing of the…

      Source: Avodah Zarah 22a · Segment 4 — “אֵיתִיבֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרָבָא: יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹי שֶׁקִּיבְּלוּ שָׂדֶה בְּשׁוּתָּפוּת, לֹא…

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    אֲרִיסוּתָא לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר לֵית לֵיהּ, אֶלָּא גּוֹי מַאי טַעְמָא מוּתָּר? דְּאָמְרִינַן לֵיהּ וְצָיֵית. כּוּתִי נָמֵי אָמְרִינַן לֵיהּ וְצָיֵית! כּוּתִי לָא צָיֵית, דְּאָמַר: אֲנָא גְּמִירְנָא טְפֵי מִינָּךְ.

    The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar does not accept the principle that a sharecropper works for his tenancy, rather than as the Jew’s employee. The Gemara asks: But if so, with regard to a gentile, what is the reason that it is permitted to rent to him? The Gemara answers that we say to him that he may not perform labor on certain days, and he complies. The Gemara asks: If that is so, then in the case of a Samaritan as well, we can say to him that he may not perform labor on certain days, and he will comply. The Gemara answers: A Samaritan will not comply, as he says: I am more learned than you, and I know that it is permitted to work on these days.

    אִי הָכִי, מַאי אִירְיָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת עַל שְׁמוֹ? תִּיפּוֹק לֵיהּ מִשּׁוּם ״לִפְנֵי עִוֵּר לֹא תִתֵּן מִכְשֹׁל״! חֲדָא וְעוֹד קָאָמַר: חֲדָא — מִשּׁוּם ״לִפְנֵי עִוֵּר״, וְעוֹד — מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת עַל שְׁמוֹ.

    The Gemara asks: If that is so, why does Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar state specifically that the reason for the prohibition is because the field is called by the name of the owner? Let him derive this halakha due to the fact that the Samaritan, like a Jew, is commanded to refrain from labor during the intermediate days of the Festival, and since he will work on these days, renting him a field is included in the prohibition: “You shall not put a stumbling block before the blind” (Leviticus 19:14). The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar states one reason and adds another: One reason is that of the prohibition: You shall not put a stumbling block before the blind; and, furthermore, it is prohibited because the field is called by the name of the owner.

    הָנְהוּ מוֹרִיקָאֵי דְּגוֹי נָקֵיט בְּשַׁבְּתָא, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּחַד בְּשַׁבְּתָא, אֲתוֹ לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא — שְׁרָא לְהוּ.

    § The Gemara relates that there were certain saffron growers who jointly owned a field in an arrangement according to which a gentile took possession of the field and worked in it on Shabbat, and a Jew took possession of it on Sunday. They came before Rava, to find out if they could divide their profits equally, and Rava permitted them to do so.

    אֵיתִיבֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרָבָא: יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹי שֶׁקִּיבְּלוּ שָׂדֶה בְּשׁוּתָּפוּת, לֹא יֹאמַר יִשְׂרָאֵל לְגוֹי: ״טוֹל חֶלְקְךָ בַּשַּׁבָּת וַאֲנִי בַּחוֹל״, וְאִם הִתְנוּ מִתְּחִלָּה — מוּתָּר,

    Ravina raised an objection to the ruling of Rava from a baraita : In the case of a Jew and a gentile who received tenancy of a field in partnership, with the understanding that they were to work the field and receive part of its produce in exchange, the Jew may not say to the gentile: Take your portion of the profit for your work on Shabbat, and I will take my portion for my work on one of the days of the rest of the week. The reason one may not do so is that it turns out that when the gentile worked on Shabbat, he was laboring partly on behalf of his Jewish partner. But if they initially stipulated when they entered into their partnership that the gentile would receive a share of the profit in exchange for his work on Shabbat, and the Jew would receive a share for the work that he performs during one of the days of the week, it is permitted.

    וְאִם בָּאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן — אָסוּר. אִיכְּסִיף, לְסוֹף אִיגַּלַּאי מִלְּתָא דְּהִתְנוּ מֵעִיקָּרָא הֲווֹ.

    And if they did not make this stipulation and later came to calculate the number of weekdays for which the Jew should receive the profit, corresponding to the number of Shabbatot that the gentile worked, it is prohibited, as this would mean that when the gentile worked on Shabbat, he was working on behalf of the Jew. Rava was embarrassed that he had ruled incorrectly. Ultimately, the matter was revealed that the saffron growers had stipulated from the outset that this was the arrangement, and therefore even according to the baraita Rava had ruled correctly.

    רַב גְּבִיהָה מִבֵּי כְתִיל אָמַר: הָנְהוּ שְׁתִילֵי דְּעׇרְלָה, הֲוָה גּוֹי אָכֵיל שְׁנֵי דְּעׇרְלָה, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁנֵי דְּהֶתֵּירָא. אֲתוֹ לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא, שְׁרָא לְהוּ.

    Rav Geviha from Bei Ketil said that the incident was actually as follows: The Jew and the gentile formed a partnership with regard to those orla saplings, to tend to them and sell them. The gentile would work and profit from them during the orla years, the first three years after the tree is planted when it is prohibited for a Jew to eat its fruit, and the Jew would work and profit from them during the years where the fruit is permitted. They came before Rava, who permitted them to do so.

    וְהָא אוֹתְבֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרָבָא! לְסַיּוֹעֵי סַיְּיעֵיהּ. וְהָא אִכְּסִיף! לֹא הָיוּ דְבָרִים מֵעוֹלָם.

    The Gemara asks: But didn’t Ravina object to the ruling issued by Rava? The Gemara answers: No, Ravina’s intention was to provide a support for the ruling of Rava. The Gemara asks: But wasn’t Rava embarrassed by Ravina’s statement? The Gemara answers: That never happened.

    אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: סְתָמָא מַאי? תָּא שְׁמַע: אִם הִתְנוּ מִתְּחִילָּה — מוּתָּר, הָא סְתָמָא — אָסוּר.

    A dilemma was raised before the Sages: If the partners did not specify that the gentile would work on Shabbat and the Jew during the week, but they also did not calculate their profits so that they would split the earnings equally, what is the halakha ? The Gemara attempts to provide an answer from the baraita : Come and hear: If they initially stipulated that the gentile would receive a share of the profit in exchange for his work on Shabbat, while the Jew would receive a share for the work on one of the other days of the week, it is permitted. This indicates that without specification, it is prohibited.

    אֵימָא סֵיפָא: אִם בָּאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן — אָסוּר, הָא סְתָמָא — מוּתָּר! אֶלָּא, מֵהָא לֵיכָּא לְמִשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.

    The Gemara rejects this proof: Say the last clause: If they came to calculate their profits, it is prohibited; this indicates that without specification, doing so is permitted. The Gemara concludes: Rather, no inference is to be learned from this baraita , as the inferences contradict each other.

    הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ לִפְנֵי אֵידֵיהֶן.

    May we return to you, chapter “Before their festivals”

    מַתְנִי׳ אֵין מַעֲמִידִין בְּהֵמָה בְּפוּנְדְּקָאוֹת שֶׁל גּוֹיִם, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחֲשׁוּדִין עַל הָרְבִיעָה, וְלֹא תִּתְיַיחֵד אִשָּׁה עִמָּהֶן, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחֲשׁוּדִין עַל הָעֲרָיוֹת, וְלֹא יִתְיַיחֵד אָדָם עִמָּהֶן, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחֲשׁוּדִין עַל שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים.

    MISHNA: One may not keep an animal in the inns [ befundekaot ] of gentiles because they are suspected of bestiality. Since even gentiles are prohibited from engaging in bestiality, a Jew who places his animal there is guilty of violating the prohibition: “You shall not put a stumbling block before the blind” (Leviticus 19:14). And a woman may not seclude herself with gentiles because they are suspected of engaging in forbidden sexual relations. And any person may not seclude himself with gentiles because they are suspected of bloodshed.