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Yevamot 25b

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Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Yevamot 25b

Yevamot 25b. The full printed text of this folio side — 14 numbered segments, about 327 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

גַּזְלָן דְּדִבְרֵיהֶם — כָּשֵׁר לְעֵדוּת אִשָּׁה, גַּזְלָן דְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה — פָּסוּל לְעֵדוּת אִשָּׁה. נֵימָא רַב מְנַשֶּׁה דְּאָמַר כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה!

Although one who is considered a robber according to the words of the Sages is unfit for other forms of testimony, he is fit as a witness for testimony that a woman’s husband died. A robber according to Torah law is unfit as a witness even for testimony that a woman’s husband has died. Should we say that what Rav Menashe said is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda? Rabbi Yehuda said in the mishna that one who is considered absolutely wicked because he admitted that he is a murderer is unfit for testifying to the death of a husband, but one who was merely present among a gang of murderers is not.

Segment 2

אָמַר לְךָ רַב מְנַשֶּׁה: אֲנָא דַּאֲמַרִי אֲפִילּוּ לְרַבָּנַן — וְטַעְמָא דְּרַבָּנַן הָכָא כִּדְרָבָא, דְּאָמַר רָבָא: אָדָם קָרוֹב אֵצֶל עַצְמוֹ, וְאֵין אָדָם מֵשִׂים עַצְמוֹ רָשָׁע.

The Gemara rejects this: Rav Menashe could have said to you: I am speaking even according to the opinion of the Rabbis. Although the Rabbis did not allow one who was wicked by Torah law to testify for a woman, a witness who admitted: I killed him, is nevertheless believed. And the rationale of the Rabbis here is in accordance with the opinion of Rava, as Rava disputed Rav Yosef’s opinion and said: Even if one said that he was willingly sodomized by this man, he is not believed concerning his own actions, because a person is his own relative. Consequently, he may not testify about himself, just as the testimony of any relative is disqualified. And furthermore, a person does not make himself wicked. His testimony with regard to his own actions is inadmissible because he is his own relative, but his testimony is accepted both to put a sodomizer to death or to render it permitted for a woman to remarry by saying that he killed her husband.

Segment 3

לֵימָא רַב יוֹסֵף דְּאָמַר כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה? אָמַר לְךָ רַב יוֹסֵף: אֲנָא דַּאֲמַרִי אֲפִילּוּ לְרַבָּנַן, וְשָׁאנֵי עֵדוּת אִשָּׁה, דַּאֲקִילּוּ בַּהּ רַבָּנַן. וְרַב מְנַשֶּׁה דְּאָמַר כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה.

The Gemara asks: Shall we say according to this explanation that the opinion that Rav Yosef spoke is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda? The Gemara rejects this: Rav Yosef could have said to you: I am speaking even according to the opinion of the Rabbis, as in my opinion, testimony enabling a woman to remarry is different in that the Rabbis ruled more leniently and they even accept testimony from a completely wicked individual. However, Rav Menashe, who renders unfit one who is wicked by Torah law from testimony enabling a woman to remarry, spoke in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who differentiates even in such testimony between one who is considered wicked according to Torah law and one who is considered wicked by rabbinic law.

Segment 4

הֲרַגְתִּיו כּוּ׳ הֲרַגְנוּהוּ תִּנָּשֵׂא כּוּ׳. מַאי שְׁנָא ״הֲרַגְתִּיו״ וּמַאי שְׁנָא ״הֲרַגְנוּהוּ״? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה, בְּאוֹמֵר: אֲנִי הָיִיתִי עִם הוֹרְגָיו.

In the mishna it is taught that the court accepts testimony from one who said: I killed him, or: We killed him, while Rabbi Yehuda differentiates between one who said: I killed him, whose testimony is not accepted, and one who said: We killed him, whose testimony is accepted and the woman may be married to others. The Gemara asks: What is different between: I killed him, and: We killed him? Isn’t he a murderer by his own admission as well when he testifies: We killed him? Rav Yehuda said: Do not understand that by saying: We killed him, he included himself among the murderers. Rather, it is referring to a case where he said: I was with his murderers, but he was not an active participant to the murder.

Segment 5

וְהָתַנְיָא: אָמְרוּ לוֹ לְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּלִסְטִים אֶחָד שֶׁיָּצָא לֵיהָרֵג בִּמְגִיזַת קַפּוֹטְקְיָא, וְאָמַר לָהֶם: ״לְכוּ אִמְרוּ לָהּ לְאֵשֶׁת שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן כֹּהֵן: ׳אֲנִי הָרַגְתִּי אֶת בַּעְלָהּ בִּכְנִיסָתִי לְלוֹד׳״, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ: ׳בִּכְנִיסָתוֹ לְלוֹד׳, וְהִשִּׂיאוּ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ! אָמַר לָהֶם: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה?! בְּאוֹמֵר: ״אֲנִי הָיִיתִי עִם הוֹרְגָיו״.

And it is taught in a baraita that this is the basis for Rabbi Yehuda’s distinction: They told Rabbi Yehuda: There was an incident involving an armed bandit [ listim ] who was taken out to be executed in the passage [ megizat ] of Cappadocia, and he said to those present: Go and tell the wife of Shimon the Priest that I killed her husband as I entered Lod. And some say that he said: As he entered Lod. And they married off his wife on the basis of this testimony. This implies that the court accepts testimony from the murderer himself. Rabbi Yehuda said to them: You derive proof from there? The case was that he said: I was with his murderers, but not that he himself murdered the woman’s husband.

Segment 6

וְהָא ״לִסְטִים״ קָתָנֵי! שֶׁנִּתְפַּס עַל יְדֵי לִסְטִיּוּת. וְהָא ״יָצָא״ לֵיהָרֵג קָתָנֵי! בֵּי דִינָא דְּגוֹיִם, דְּלָא דָּיְיקִי וְקָטְלִי.

The Gemara challenges: How could Rabbi Yehuda understand the incident in such a way? But it is taught in the baraita that the witness himself was an armed bandit. The Gemara answers: He was captured for a charge of armed banditry. The Gemara asks: But it is taught that he was taken out to be executed, implying that he was found guilty of murder. The Gemara answers: That was a gentile court, and they execute without being precise. One who is among a gang of bandits is executed by a gentile court regardless of whether or not he himself was a murderer. This baraita therefore provides evidence that Rabbi Yehuda admits the testimony of such a witness only if he says: I was with his murderers.

Segment 7

מַתְנִי׳ הֶחָכָם שֶׁאָסַר אֶת הָאִשָּׁה בְּנֶדֶר עַל בַּעְלָהּ — הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִשָּׂאֶנָּה. מֵיאֲנָה, אוֹ שֶׁחָלְצָה בְּפָנָיו — יִשָּׂאֶנָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא בֵּית דִּין.

MISHNA: A Sage who refused to release a woman from a vow that rendered the wife forbidden to her husband by that vow, resulting in her being divorced from her husband, may not marry her, so as to avoid suspicion that he rendered her forbidden to her husband in order to marry her himself. However, a judge before whom a woman performed refusal when she was a minor, declaring that she did not desire the husband chosen for her by her family, or before whom she performed ḥalitza , may marry her because he was only one member of the court, thereby alleviating suspicion.

Segment 8

גְּמָ׳ הָא הִתִּירָה — יִשָּׂאֶנָּה. בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן? אִילֵימָא בְּחַד — חַד מִי מָצֵי מַתִּיר? וְהָאָמַר (רַב אָמַר) רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין אָמַר רַב עַמְרָם, תָּנָא: הַתָּרַת נְדָרִים בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה!

GEMARA: The mishna taught that a Sage who rendered a woman forbidden to her husband may not then marry her. The Gemara deduces from here: This implies that if he rendered her permitted to her husband and she was later widowed or divorced, then he may marry her. The Gemara clarifies this: With what are we dealing? If we say that he was a single judge and not part of a court, can a single judge dissolve vows? But didn’t Rav say that Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin said that Rav Amram said: It is taught in a baraita : Dissolution of vows requires a court of three judges?

Segment 9

וְאֶלָּא, בִּתְלָתָא. מִי חֲשִׁידִי? וְהָתְנַן: מֵיאֲנָה אוֹ שֶׁחָלְצָה בְּפָנָיו — יִשָּׂאֶנָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא בֵּית דִּין.

Rather, could it be a case of three judges rather than one? In such a case, would they be suspect of distorting judgment? But didn’t we learn in the mishna: If she performed refusal or performed ḥalitza before him, he may marry her because he functioned as a member of a court of three? This teaches that there is no suspicion of a judge in a court of three.

Segment 10

לְעוֹלָם בְּחַד, וְכִדְאָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּיָחִיד מוּמְחֶה, הָכָא נָמֵי: בְּיָחִיד מוּמְחֶה.

The Gemara answers: Actually, you should explain that this case is that of a single judge, and it is as Rav Ḥisda said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Vows may be dissolved even by a single expert, and a three-member court is not always necessary. Here too, it is referring to a single expert refusing to nullify her vow.

Segment 11

מֵיאֲנָה אוֹ שֶׁחָלְצָה וְכוּ׳. טַעְמָא דְּבֵית דִּין, הָא בִּתְרֵי — לָא,

It is taught in the mishna that if a woman performed refusal or performed ḥalitza before a judge, he may still marry her, as he was part of a court. The Gemara deduces from here: The reason is specifically that he functioned on the court as one of three judges. The Gemara deduces: Then, if there were only two judges, he would not be permitted to marry her.

Segment 12

מַאי שְׁנָא מֵהָא דִּתְנַן: עֵדִים הַחֲתוּמִים עַל שְׂדֵה מִקָּח, וְעַל גֵּט אִשָּׁה לֹא חָשׁוּ חֲכָמִים לְדָבָר זֶה? הִיא גּוּפַהּ קָמַשְׁמַע לַן, לְאַפּוֹקֵי מִמַּאן דְּאָמַר מֵיאוּן בִּפְנֵי שְׁנַיִם, קָמַשְׁמַע לַן מֵיאוּן בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה.

If so, in what way is this case different from that which we learned in a baraita : If witnesses signed on the document of sale of a field or on a woman’s bill of divorce, the Sages were not concerned about this matter if one of the witnesses subsequently purchased the field or married the divorcée. Since there are two witnesses, there is no suspicion that they collaborated for the benefit of one of them. The Gemara answers: If there were two judges there would also be no concern; however, this mishna itself comes to teach us that a refusal must be performed before a full court, to exclude the opinion of the one who said that refusal may be performed before two. This teaches us that refusal must be performed before three judges.

Segment 13

אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: כָּנַס, מַהוּ שֶׁיּוֹצִיא? רַב כָּהֲנָא אָמַר: כָּנַס — מוֹצִיא. רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: כָּנַס — אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא. תָּנֵי לְהוּ רַב זוּטֵי דְּבֵי רַב פַּפֵּי כְּדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר כָּנַס אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא.

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages with regard to one who was prohibited from marrying a certain woman: If he nevertheless married her despite the prohibition, what is the halakha with regard to whether he must divorce her? Rav Kahana said: If he married her, he must divorce her. Rav Ashi said: If he married her, he need not divorce her. Rav Zuti from the school of Rav Pappi taught the Sages a baraita in accordance with the statement of the one who said that if he married her, he need not divorce her.

Segment 14

אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ רַבָּנַן לְרַב אָשֵׁי: גְּמָרָא, אוֹ סְבָרָא? אֲמַר לְהוּ, מַתְנִיתִין הִיא: הַנִּטְעָן מִשִּׁפְחָה וְנִשְׁתַּחְרְרָה, מִגּוֹיָה וְנִתְגַּיְּירָה — הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִכְנוֹס, וְאִם כָּנַס — אֵין מוֹצִיא. אַלְמָא

The Rabbis said to Rav Ashi: With regard to the halakha that you said, that if he married her he need not divorce her, was it based upon tradition or is it your own conclusion? He said to them: It is the mishna. I reached this conclusion from the wording of the mishna, which taught that one suspected by others of engaging in sexual relations with a Canaanite maidservant and she was subsequently set free, or with a gentile woman and she subsequently converted may not marry that woman. But if he did marry her, they, the judges of the court, do not remove her from him. Apparently,

Yevamot 25b

Yevamot 25b

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