Sotah 44a

מֵת תּוֹפֵס אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְטוּמְאָה. וְתַנָּא תּוּנָא: חֲצַר הַקֶּבֶר, הָעוֹמֵד בְּתוֹכָהּ — טָהוֹר, וְהוּא שֶׁיְּהוּ בָּהּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת, דִּבְרֵי בֵּית שַׁמַּאי. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים — שֶׁפִּתְחָהּ מִלְּמַעְלָה, אֲבָל פִּתְחָהּ מִן הַצַּד — דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת.

A corpse occupies four cubits with regard to impurity, as the Sages decreed that one becomes impure when he stands within four cubits of a corpse. This measure protects priests and others who are forbidden to contract ritual impurity imparted by a corpse, so that they do not inadvertently become impure. And the tanna of the mishna taught in another mishna as well ( Oholot 15:8): With regard to a courtyard adjacent to a grave, one who stands within it is ritually pure, provided that there are four cubits by four cubits within it. A courtyard this size constitutes its own space, according to the statement of Beit Shammai. Beit Hillel say: A space of four handbreadths by four handbreadths is enough. In what case is this statement said? Four handbreadths suffice when the entrance to the courtyard is from above. In such a case there is no concern that one will cover the grave with his body, and thereby become ritually impure, when entering the courtyard. However, if its entrance is from the side, everyone agrees the courtyard must be at least four cubits by four cubits in size.

כְּלַפֵּי לְיָיא?! אַדְּרַבָּה: מִן הַצַּד — מִידְּרִיד וְנָפֵיק, מִלְּמַעְלָה — אִי אֶפְשָׁר דְּלָא מַאֲהִיל. אֶלָּא: בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁפִּתְחָהּ מִן הַצַּד, אֲבָל פִּתְחָהּ מִלְּמַעְלָה, אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת. וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי, חֲצַר הַקֶּבֶר דִּמְסַיְּימָא מְחִיצָתַהּ, אֲבָל מֵת בְּעָלְמָא — תָּפֵיס.

The Gemara challenges the preceding resolution: In which direction [ kelapei layya ] is there a distinction between the positions of the entrance? On the contrary, if one enters from the side, he can slip away and exit without becoming impure. However, if one enters from above it is impossible that he will not overlie the grave over the course of climbing in and out of the courtyard. Rather, it should say: In what case is this statement of Beit Hillel, according to which four handbreadths by four handbreadths are enough, said? It is when the entrance is from the side. However, if the entrance is from above, then the courtyard must be at least four cubits by four cubits according to all opinions. The Gemara further qualifies: And this statement applies in a courtyard adjacent to a grave whose partitions are delineated, but if there is only a corpse lying about without any enclosures, it certainly occupies and affects a surrounding area of four cubits.

״מִי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה כּוּ׳״, תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אֲשֶׁר אֵרַס״, אֶחָד הַמְאָרֵס אֶת הַבְּתוּלָה, וְאֶחָד הַמְאָרֵס אֶת הָאַלְמָנָה, וְאֶחָד שׁוֹמֶרֶת יָבָם. וַאֲפִילּוּ חֲמִשָּׁה אַחִין, וּמֵת אֶחָד מֵהֶם בַּמִּלְחָמָה — כּוּלָּן חוֹזְרִין. ״לֹא לָקַח״, ״וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ״ — פְּרָט לְאַלְמָנָה לַכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, גְּרוּשָׁה וַחֲלוּצָה לְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט, מַמְזֶרֶת וּנְתִינָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַמְזֵר וּלְנָתִין.

§ The mishna teaches among the statements that were said before battle: “What man is there that has betrothed a wife and has not taken her? Let him go and return to his house” (Deuteronomy 20:7). The Sages taught: “That has betrothed” is referring to one who betroths a virgin, and to one who betroths a widow, and to one whose yevama is a widow awaiting her yavam , i.e., this man in the military ranks, to perform levirate marriage. And even if there are five brothers, and one of them dies in the war, they all return for the widow. In addition, the verse could have singled out one who has not taken a wife. When the verse specifies: “and has not taken her,” this excludes men in forbidden marriages: A widow who is betrothed to a High Priest; either a divorcée or a yevama who performed ḥalitza [ ḥalutza ], who is betrothed to a common priest; a mamzeret or a Gibeonite woman who is betrothed to an Israelite; or an Israelite woman who is betrothed to a mamzer or to a Gibeonite.

לֵימָא דְּלָא כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, דְּאִי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, הָא אָמַר ״הַיָּרֵא וְרַךְ הַלֵּבָב״ — זֶה הַמִּתְיָירֵא מֵעֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ?

The Gemara asks: Shall we say that this opinion is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili? As, if it were in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, he says: When the verse singles out “fearful and fainthearted” (Deuteronomy 20:8), this is referring to one who is afraid because of sins that he has. According to this interpretation, one who marries a woman forbidden to him should return home from war because of his guilt, which seems to contradict the opinion mentioned above that such a man does not return from the ranks.

אֲפִילּוּ תֵּימָא רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, כִּדְרַבָּה. דְּאָמַר רַבָּה: לְעוֹלָם אֵינוֹ חַיָּיב עַד שֶׁיִּבְעוֹל, מָה טַעַם: ״לֹא יִקָּח״ מִשּׁוּם ״לֹא יְחַלֵּל״ — מִשּׁוּם הָכִי אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עַד שֶׁיִּבְעוֹל.

The Gemara answers: Even if you say that the ruling is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, such a man does not return, in accordance with the opinion of Rabba. As Rabba said: A man is never liable for a forbidden marriage until he engages in sexual intercourse with his wife. With regard to the forbidden marriages of a High Priest, the Torah states: “A widow, or a divorcée, or a profaned woman, or a harlot, these he shall not take…And he shall not profane his seed among his people” (Leviticus 21:14–15). What is the reason that “he shall not take” one of these women as a wife? It is due to: “He shall not profane his seed” by engaging in sexual intercourse. Due to that reason, he is not flogged until he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman who is forbidden to him. Therefore, even according to Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, one who merely betroths a forbidden wife might not return home from the ranks.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אֲשֶׁר בָּנָה״, ״אֲשֶׁר נָטַע״, ״אֲשֶׁר אֵרַשׂ״, לִימְּדָה תּוֹרָה דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ: שֶׁיִּבְנֶה אָדָם בַּיִת, וְיִטַּע כֶּרֶם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה. וְאַף שְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר בְּחׇכְמָתוֹ: ״הָכֵן בַּחוּץ מְלַאכְתֶּךָ וְעַתְּדָהּ בַּשָּׂדֶה לָךְ אַחַר וּבָנִיתָ בֵיתֶךָ״. ״הָכֵן בַּחוּץ מְלַאכְתֶּךָ״ — זֶה בַּיִת, ״וְעַתְּדָהּ בַּשָּׂדֶה לָךְ״ — זֶה כֶּרֶם, ״אַחַר וּבָנִיתָ בֵיתֶךָ״ — זוֹ אִשָּׁה.

§ The Sages taught ( Tosefta 7:20-21): The Torah states: “What man is there that has built” (Deuteronomy 20:5), and then “that has planted” (Deuteronomy 20:6), and finally “that has betrothed” (Deuteronomy 20:7). The Torah has taught a person the desired mode of behavior: A person should build a house, then plant a vineyard, and afterward marry a woman. And even King Solomon said in his wisdom: “Prepare your work outside, and make it fit for yourself in the field; and afterward build your house” (Proverbs 24:27). The Sages explained: “Prepare your work outside”; this is a house. “And make it fit for yourself in the field”; this is a vineyard. “And afterward you shall build your house”; this is a wife.

דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״הָכֵן בַּחוּץ מְלַאכְתֶּךָ״ — זֶה מִקְרָא, ״וְעַתְּדָהּ בַּשָּׂדֶה לָךְ״ — זֶה מִשְׁנָה, ״אַחַר וּבָנִיתָ בֵיתֶךָ״ — זֶה גְּמָרָא. דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״הָכֵן בַּחוּץ מְלַאכְתֶּךָ״ — זֶה מִקְרָא וּמִשְׁנָה, ״וְעַתְּדָהּ בַּשָּׂדֶה לָךְ״ — זֶה גְּמָרָא, ״אַחַר וּבָנִית בֵיתֶךָ״ — אֵלּוּ מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר: ״הָכֵן בַּחוּץ מְלַאכְתֶּךָ״ — זֶה מִקְרָא וּמִשְׁנָה וּגְמָרָא, ״וְעַתְּדָהּ בַּשָּׂדֶה לָךְ״ — אֵלּוּ מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, ״אַחַר וּבָנִיתָ בֵיתֶךָ״ — דְּרוֹשׁ וְקַבֵּל שָׂכָר.

Alternatively, this verse may be understood as relating to Torah study: “Prepare your work outside”; this is the study of Bible. “And make it fit for yourself in the field”; this is the study of Mishna. “Afterward you shall build your house”; this is the study of Gemara, the analysis of and deliberation over the statements of the Sages. Alternatively: “Prepare your work outside”; this is the study of Bible and Mishna. “And make it fit for yourself in the field”; this is the study of Gemara. “Afterward you shall build your house”; these are good deeds. Rabbi Eliezer, son of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, says: “Prepare your work outside”; this is the study of Bible, and Mishna, and Gemara. “And make it fit for yourself in the field”; these are good deeds. “Afterward you shall build your house”; expound upon new understandings of Torah and receive reward, which is possible only after the initial steps.

וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵינָן חוֹזְרִין: הַבּוֹנֶה בֵּית שַׁעַר כּוּ׳. תָּנָא: אִם הוֹסִיף בּוֹ דִּימוֹס אֶחָד — חוֹזֵר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: אַף הַבּוֹנֶה בֵּית לְבֵנִים בַּשָּׁרוֹן — לֹא הָיָה חוֹזֵר. תָּנָא: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּחַדְּשִׁין אוֹתוֹ פַּעֲמַיִם בְּשָׁבוּעַ.

§ The mishna teaches: And these are the men who do not return from the ranks: One who builds a gateway, or an enclosed veranda, or a balcony…Rabbi Yehuda says: Even one who rebuilds a house as it stood originally would not return. A Sage taught ( Tosefta 7:18): If one adds one additional row of stones [ dimos ] to the original structure, he returns from the ranks. That is enough to render it a new building. The mishna further teaches: Rabbi Eliezer says: Even one who builds a new brick house in the Sharon would not return. A Sage taught: This is because the owners renew it twice in a period of seven years, and it is therefore not considered a permanent structure.

וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין זָזִין מִמְּקוֹמָן: בָּנָה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וַחֲנָכוֹ וְכוּ׳. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אִשָּׁה חֲדָשָׁה״ — אֵין לִי אֶלָּא אִשָּׁה חֲדָשָׁה, אַלְמָנָה וּגְרוּשָׁה מִנַּיִן — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״אִשָּׁה״ מִכׇּל מָקוֹם. אִם כֵּן, מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״אִשָּׁה חֲדָשָׁה״? מִי שֶׁחֲדָשָׁה לוֹ, יָצָא מַחֲזִיר גְּרוּשָׁתוֹ שֶׁאֵין חֲדָשָׁה לוֹ.

§ The mishna teaches: These are the men who do not even move from their places: One who built a house and dedicated it within the year; one who planted a vineyard and used its fruit for less than a year; one who marries his betrothed and one who marries his yevama , as it is stated: “When a man takes a new wife, he shall not go out with the army, neither shall he be charged with any business; he shall be free for his house one year, and shall cheer his wife whom he has taken” (Deuteronomy 24:5). With respect to a new husband’s exemption, the Sages taught a number of halakhot from this verse. From the term: “A new wife” I have derived only that a man returns only for a new virgin wife. From where do I derive that it applies to a widow or a divorcée? The verse states: “A wife,” in any case. If so, what is the meaning when the verse states: “A new wife?” It is referring to one who is new for him, excluding one who remarries his divorcée, who is not new to him.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״לֹא יֵצֵא בַּצָּבָא״. יָכוֹל בַּצָּבָא הוּא דְּלֹא יֵצֵא, אֲבָל יַסְפִּיק מַיִם וּמָזוֹן וִיתַקֵּן הַדְּרָכִים — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְלֹא יַעֲבֹר עָלָיו לְכׇל דָּבָר״. יָכוֹל שֶׁאֲנִי מְרַבֶּה אַף הַבּוֹנֶה בַּיִת וְלֹא חֲנָכוֹ, נָטַע כֶּרֶם וְלֹא חִלְּלוֹ, אֵרַס אִשָּׁה וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״עָלָיו״ — עָלָיו אִי אַתָּה מַעֲבִיר, אֲבָל אַתָּה מַעֲבִיר עַל אֲחֵרִים. וּמֵאַחַר דִּכְתַב ״לֹא יַעֲבֹר״, ״לֹא יֵצֵא בַּצָּבָא״ לְמָה לִי? לַעֲבוֹר עָלָיו בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוִין.

The Sages taught with regard to the verse: “He shall not go out with the army” (Deuteronomy 24:5); one might have thought it is with the army that he does not go out, but he does go to supply water and food to the army and to repair the roads for them. Therefore, the verse states: “Neither shall he be charged with any business.” One might have thought that I include even one who has built a house and has not dedicated it, or one who has planted a vineyard and has not used its fruit, or one who has betrothed a woman and has not taken her as his wife? The verse states: “Neither shall he be charged with any business”; you do not charge him with any responsibilities, but you do charge others. The Gemara asks: And since the Torah states: “Neither shall he be charged with any business,” why do I need to be taught: “He shall not go out with the army”? The Gemara answers: The Torah adds this clause so that he will violate two prohibitions if he goes out to war: “He shall not go out with the army,” and: “Neither shall he be charged.”

מַתְנִי׳ ״וְיָסְפוּ הַשֹּׁטְרִים לְדַבֵּר אֶל הָעָם וְגוֹ׳״, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: ״הַיָּרֵא וְרַךְ הַלֵּבָב״ — כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַעֲמוֹד בְּקִשְׁרֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה וְלִרְאוֹת חֶרֶב שְׁלוּפָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר: ״הַיָּרֵא וְרַךְ הַלֵּבָב״ — זֶהוּ הַמִּתְיָירֵא מִן הָעֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ תָּלְתָה לוֹ הַתּוֹרָה אֶת כׇּל אֵלּוּ, שֶׁיַּחְזוֹר בִּגְלָלָן.

MISHNA: The mishna continues its discussion of the speech given before battle. “And the officers shall speak further to the people, and they shall say: What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? Let him go and return unto his house” (Deuteronomy 20:8). Rabbi Akiva says: “That is fearful and fainthearted” is to be understood as it indicates, that the man is unable to stand in the battle ranks and to see a drawn sword because it will terrify him. Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: “That is fearful and fainthearted”; this is one who is afraid because of the sins that he has; he, too, returns. Therefore, the Torah provided him with all these additional reasons for exemption from the army so he can ascribe his leaving to one of them. In this way, the sinner may leave the ranks without having to publicly acknowledge that he is a sinner.

רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: אַלְמָנָה לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל, גְּרוּשָׁה וַחֲלוּצָה לְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט, מַמְזֶרֶת וּנְתִינָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַמְזֵר וּלְנָתִין — הֲרֵי הוּא הַיָּרֵא וְרַךְ הַלֵּבָב.

Rabbi Yosei says: With regard to one who has betrothed a woman forbidden to him, including a widow betrothed to a High Priest; a divorcée or a yevama who performed ḥalitza [ ḥalutza ] betrothed to a common priest; a mamzeret or a Gibeonite woman betrothed to an Israelite; or a daughter of an Israelite betrothed to a mamzer or a Gibeonite; this man is he whom the verse calls “fearful and fainthearted.” He fears that his sin will jeopardize his safety in the war.

״וְהָיָה כְּכַלֹּת הַשֹּׁטְרִים לְדַבֵּר אֶל הָעָם וּפָקְדוּ שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֹת בְּרֹאשׁ הָעָם״. וּבַעֲקֵיבוֹ שֶׁל עָם מַעֲמִידִין זְקִיפִין לִפְנֵיהֶם, וַאֲחֵרִים מֵאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם, וְכַשִּׁילִין שֶׁל בַּרְזֶל בִּידֵיהֶן, וְכׇל הַמְבַקֵּשׁ לַחְזוֹר — הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדוֹ לְקַפֵּחַ אֶת שׁוֹקָיו.

The mishna continues its discussion. The verse states: “And it shall be, when the officers conclude speaking to the people, that captains of legions shall be appointed at the head of the people” (Deuteronomy 20:9). The mishna adds: As well as at the rear of the people. The officers station guards [ zekifin ] in front of them, and other guards behind them, and they have iron rods [ kashilin ] in their hands. And with regard to anyone who attempts to turn back and flee from the war, the guard has license to beat [ lekape’aḥ ] his legs