Commentary page

Pesachim 55a

This page gathers the commentary on one source unit: the classic commentaries as they are printed, the sources the text cites, the sages named in it and direct links back to the text.

Read the full text in the reader

Babylonian Talmud · folio map

Pesachim 55a

Pesachim 55a. The full printed text of this folio side — 16 numbered segments, about 500 words — with the classic commentaries printed on the page.

Original text

Segment 1

תַּנָּא קוּלֵּי קוּלֵּי קָתָנֵי.

The tanna is teaching a series of leniencies. He taught only those aspects in which the Ninth of Av is more lenient than a communal fast. He did not teach those aspects in which it is more stringent. There was no attempt made to enumerate all the differences.

Segment 2

וּבְכׇל מָקוֹם תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים וְכוּ׳. לְמֵימְרָא דְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל סָבַר: לָא חָיְישִׁינַן לְיוּהֲרָא, וְרַבָּנַן סָבְרִי: חָיְישִׁינַן לְיוּהֲרָא? וְהָא אִיפְּכָא שָׁמְעִינַן לְהוּ, דִּתְנַן: חָתָן, אִם יִרְצֶה לִקְרוֹת קְרִיַּת שְׁמַע לַיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן — קוֹרֵא. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אֲמַר: לֹא כׇּל הָרוֹצֶה לִיטּוֹל אֶת הַשֵּׁם יִטּוֹל.

It was stated in the mishna: And in all places Torah scholars are idle and do not perform labor on the Ninth of Av, and according to Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel one should always conduct himself like a Torah scholar in this regard and refrain from performing labor. The Gemara asks: Is that to say that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel holds that we are not concerned about presumptuousness when a person conducts himself like a Torah scholar? And conversely, do the Rabbis hold that we are concerned about presumptuousness? Didn’t we hear them say the opposite? As we learned in a mishna: With regard to the recitation of Shema on one’s wedding night, the Rabbis said that if a groom wishes to recite Shema on the first night despite his exemption, he may do so. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Not everyone who wishes to assume the reputation of a God-fearing person may assume it, and consequently not everyone who wishes to recite Shema on his wedding night may do so. Their opinions in that mishna appear contrary to their opinions in the current mishna.

Segment 3

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מוּחְלֶפֶת הַשִּׁיטָה. רַב שִׁישָׁא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי אָמַר לָא תֵּיפוֹךְ: דְּרַבָּנַן אַדְּרַבָּנַן לָא קַשְׁיָא; הָכָא, כֵּיוָן דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא עָבְדִי מְלָאכָה וְאִיהוּ לָא עָבֵיד — מִיחְזֵי כְּיוּהֲרָא, אֲבָל הָתָם, כֵּיוָן דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא קָרֵי וְאִיהוּ נָמֵי קָרֵי — לָא מִיחְזֵי כְּיוּהֲרָא.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The attribution of the opinions is reversed in one of the sources. Rav Sheisha, son of Rav Idi, said: Do not reverse either text, as it is possible to resolve the difficulty in another manner. The contradiction between the statement of the Rabbis here and the statement of the Rabbis there is not difficult. Here, on the Ninth of Av, since everyone is performing labor and he is not performing labor, his idleness is conspicuous and appears like presumptuousness. However, there, in the case of reciting Shema on one’s wedding night, it does not appear like presumptuousness, as everyone is reciting Shema and he is also reciting it with them.

Segment 4

דְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אַדְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל לָא קַשְׁיָא; הָתָם הוּא דְּבָעֵינַן כַּוּוֹנָה, וַאֲנַן סָהֲדֵי דְּלָא מָצֵי כַּוּוֹנֵי דַּעְתֵּיהּ — מִיחְזֵי כְּיוּהֲרָא: אֲבָל הָכָא לָא מִיחְזֵי כְּיוּהֲרָא, אָמְרִי: מְלָאכָה הִיא דְּלֵית לֵיהּ, פּוֹק חֲזִי כַּמָּה בַּטְלָנֵי אִיכָּא בְּשׁוּקָא.

Similarly, the contradiction between the statement of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel here and the statement of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel there is not difficult. There, in the case of reciting Shema on one’s wedding night, it is that we require concentration, and it is clear to all that he is unable to concentrate because of his preoccupation with the mitzva that he must perform. Therefore, if he recites Shema it appears like presumptuousness. It is as though he is announcing: I am able to concentrate although others in my situation are not. However, here, by not performing labor on the Ninth of Av it does not appear like presumptuousness, as people say: It is because he has no labor to perform. Go out and see how many idle people there are in the marketplace, even on days when it is permitted to perform labor.

Segment 5

מַתְנִי׳ וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: בִּיהוּדָה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין מְלָאכָה בְּעַרְבֵי פְסָחִים עַד חֲצוֹת, וּבַגָּלִיל לֹא הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין כׇּל עִיקָּר. הַלַּיְלָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹסְרִים, וּבֵית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין עַד הָנֵץ הַחַמָּה.

MISHNA: Apropos the discussion of performing labor on Passover eve, differences in other customs were cited. And the Rabbis say: In Judea, people would perform labor on Passover eves until midday, and in the Galilee people would not perform labor on Passover eve at all. With regard to performing labor on the night before Passover eve, the night between the thirteenth and fourteenth of Nisan, Beit Shammai prohibit performing labor, and Beit Hillel permit doing so until sunrise.

Segment 6

גְּמָ׳ מֵעִיקָּרָא תְּנָא מִנְהָגָא, וּלְבַסּוֹף תְּנָא אִיסּוּרָא!

GEMARA: The Gemara asks with regard to the mishna: Initially, at the beginning of the chapter, the tanna taught that in certain places there is merely a custom not to perform labor, and yet ultimately, in this latest mishna, he taught that according to the opinion of Beit Shammai, it is prohibited to perform labor. Apparently, performance of labor is not dependent on custom but is actually prohibited.

Segment 7

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא — רַבִּי מֵאִיר, הָא — רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. דְּתַנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: בִּיהוּדָה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין מְלָאכָה בְּעַרְבֵי פְסָחִים עַד חֲצוֹת, וּבַגָּלִיל אֵינָן עוֹשִׂין כׇּל עִיקָּר. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי מֵאִיר: מָה רְאָיָיה יְהוּדָה וְגָלִיל לְכָאן? אֶלָּא, מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה — עוֹשִׂין, מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹת — אֵין עוֹשִׂין. מִדְּקָאָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר מִנְהָגָא — מִכְּלָל דְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אִיסּוּרָא קָאָמַר.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This is not difficult, since that first mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, and this current mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda. As it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda said: In Judea they would perform labor on Passover eves until midday, and in the Galilee they would not perform labor at all. Rabbi Meir said to him: What proof do you cite from Judea and the Galilee to the discussion here? Rather, in a place where people were accustomed to perform labor, one performs labor, and in a place where people were accustomed not to perform labor, one does not perform labor. The Gemara analyzes this baraita : From the fact that Rabbi Meir is speaking about custom, by inference, Rabbi Yehuda is speaking about a prohibition against performing labor in the Galilee.

Segment 8

וְסָבַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר מוּתָּר בַּעֲשִׂיַּית מְלָאכָה? וְהָתַנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: הַמְנַכֵּשׁ בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר וְנֶעְקְרָה בְּיָדוֹ — שׁוֹתְלָהּ בִּמְקוֹם הַטִּיט, וְאֵין שׁוֹתְלָהּ בִּמְקוֹם הַגְּרִיד.

The Gemara asks: And does Rabbi Yehuda hold that performance of labor on the fourteenth is permitted everywhere other than the Galilee? Wasn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda says: With regard to one who is weeding a field on the thirteenth of Nisan and a stalk of grain was uprooted in his hand, he plants it in a muddy place so that it will take root before the omer offering is brought on the sixteenth of Nisan? It will then be permitted to eat the grain after the omer offering is brought. However, one should not plant it in a dry place, as it will not take root there immediately. If it begins to sprout only after the omer offering is brought, that grain will remain prohibited until after the following year’s omer offering is brought.

Segment 9

בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר — אִין, בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר — לָא. מִכְּדִי שָׁמְעִינַן לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה דְּאָמַר: כׇּל הַרְכָּבָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ קוֹלֶטֶת לִשְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים — שׁוּב אֵינָהּ קוֹלֶטֶת. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר מוּתָּר בַּעֲשִׂיַּית מְלָאכָה, לְמָה לִי שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר? וְהָאִיכָּא אַרְבֵּיסַר וַחֲמֵיסַר וּמִקְצָת שִׁיתְּסַר! אָמַר רָבָא: בַּגָּלִיל שָׁנוּ.

From Rabbi Yehuda’s statement it can be inferred that if a person was weeding on the thirteenth of Nisan, yes, this is the halakha ; however, on the fourteenth of Nisan, no, one may not replant the stalk of grain. Now, we learned that Rabbi Yehuda said: Any graft that does not take hold within three days will no longer take hold. If it could enter your mind that performing labor on the fourteenth is permitted, why do I need this halakha to be taught specifically with regard to the thirteenth? It would have been a greater novelty had he taught the halakha with regard to a case that occurs on the fourteenth. Aren’t there three days remaining for grain planted on the fourteenth to take root before the omer offering, i.e., the fourteenth of Nisan, the fifteenth of Nisan, and part of the sixteenth of Nisan? Rava said: They taught this halakha of replanting a stalk of wheat with regard to the Galilee; as mentioned in the baraita , Rabbi Yehuda says that in the Galilee they do not perform labor at all.

Segment 10

וְהָאִיכָּא לֵילְיָא! אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: כְּבֵית שַׁמַּאי. רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם כְּבֵית הִלֵּל — לְפִי שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן שֶׁל בְּנֵי אָדָם לְנַכֵּשׁ בַּלַּיְלָה.

The Gemara further asks: Isn’t there the night between the thirteenth and the fourteenth of Nisan, during which according to the opinion of Beit Hillel, labor is permitted even in the Galilee, which is the halakha ? Rabbi Yehuda could have taught the halakha with regard to weeding on the night before the fourteenth. Rav Sheshet said: Rabbi Yehuda said this in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai, who prohibit performing labor that night. Rav Ashi said: There is no reason to suggest implausibly that Rabbi Yehuda holds in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai, contrary to the accepted halakha . Actually, Rabbi Yehuda holds in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel. However, he did not teach the case about the night before the fourteenth of Nisan because it is not the typical manner of people to weed at night. It is virtually impossible to identify weeds in the dark.

Segment 11

רָבִינָא אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם בִּיהוּדָה, וּבְהַשְׁרָשָׁה חַד ״מִקְצָת הַיּוֹם כְּכוּלּוֹ״ — אָמְרִינַן, תְּרֵי ״מִקְצָת הַיּוֹם כְּכוּלּוֹ״ — לָא אָמְרִינַן.

Ravina said: Actually, it can be explained that Rabbi Yehuda is referring to Judea. With regard to a plant taking root, we state only once the principle: The legal status of part of the day is like that of the entire day, but we do not state twice the principle: The legal status of part of the day is like that of the entire day. When discussing a plant that was replanted on the fourteenth, in the tally of three days, the legal status of part of both the fourteenth and the sixteenth cannot be like that of entire days. A plant takes root after a fixed amount of time, and this is not affected by formalistic halakhic principles like: The legal status of part of the day is like that of the entire day.

Segment 12

מַתְנִי׳ רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל מְלָאכָה שֶׁהִתְחִיל בָּהּ קוֹדֶם לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר, גּוֹמְרָהּ בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר. אֲבָל לֹא יַתְחִיל בָּהּ בַּתְּחִלָּה בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְגוֹמְרָהּ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: שָׁלֹשׁ אוּמָּנִיּוֹת עוֹשִׂין מְלָאכָה בְּעַרְבֵי פְסָחִים עַד חֲצוֹת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: הַחַיָּיטִין, וְהַסַּפָּרִים, וְהַכּוֹבְסִין. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף רַצְעָנִין.

MISHNA: Rabbi Meir says: With regard to any labor that one began before the fourteenth of Nisan, he may complete it on the fourteenth before midday. However, one may not begin to perform that labor from the outset on the fourteenth, even if he is able to complete it before midday. And the Rabbis say: The practitioners of only three crafts are permitted to perform labor until midday on Passover eve, and they are: Tailors, barbers, and launderers, whose work is needed for the Festival. Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda says: Even shoemakers are permitted to work on the fourteenth.

Segment 13

גְּמָ׳ אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: לְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד תְּנַן, אֲבָל שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד — אֲפִילּוּ מִיגְמַר נָמֵי לָא, אוֹ דִילְמָא: שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד תְּנַן, אֲבָל לְצוֹרֶךְ — אַתְחוֹלֵי מַתְחֲלִינַן, אוֹ דִילְמָא: בֵּין לְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ, מִיגְמַר — אִין, אַתְחוֹלֵי — לָא.

GEMARA: A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Was it with regard to labor for the purpose of the Festival that we learned in the mishna that Rabbi Meir permits completing labor on the fourteenth, but labor that is not for the purpose of the Festival may not even be completed? Or perhaps it was with regard to labor that is not for the purpose of the Festival that we learned that Rabbi Meir permits completing labor on the fourteenth, but with regard to labor that is for the purpose of the Festival, we may even initiate it. Or perhaps, with regard to both labor that is for the purpose of the Festival and labor that is not for the purpose of the Festival, completing, yes, it is permitted, but initiating, no, it is prohibited.

Segment 14

תָּא שְׁמַע: אֲבָל לֹא יַתְחִיל בַּתְּחִילָּה בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר אֲפִילּוּ צִלְצוֹל קָטָן אֲפִילּוּ שְׂבָכָה קְטַנָּה. מַאי ״אֲפִילּוּ״? לָאו אֲפִילּוּ הָנֵי, דִּלְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד, מִיגְמַר — אִין, אַתְחוֹלֵי — לָא?! מִכְּלָל דְּשֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ — מִיגְמַר נָמֵי לָא גָּמְרִינַן!

Come and hear a resolution to the dilemma from that which we learned: However, one may not begin work from the outset on the fourteenth, even if it is a small belt, or even a small hairnet. What is the meaning of the term even in this context? Isn’t it that even with regard to those items that are for the purpose of the Festival, completing, yes, it is permitted, but initiating, no, it is prohibited? And by inference, with regard to labor that is not for the purpose of the Festival, we may not even complete labor that was begun previously. This supports the first possibility cited above.

Segment 15

לָא, לְעוֹלָם דְּשֶׁלֹּא לְצוֹרֶךְ מִיגְמַר נָמֵי גָּמְרִינַן, וּמַאי ״אֲפִילּוּ״? אֲפִילּוּ הָנֵי נָמֵי, דְּזוּטְרֵי נִינְהוּ, דְּסָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמֵינָא הַתְחָלָתָן זוֹ הִיא גְּמַר מְלַאכְתָּן — נַתְחֵיל בְּהוּ נָמֵי לְכַתְּחִילָּה, קָמַשְׁמַע לַן.

The Gemara rejects this answer: No; actually this means that even labor that is not for the purpose of the Festival we may also complete, in accordance with the third possibility above. And what is the meaning of the term even? It is that this halakha applies even to these items, a belt and a hairnet, which are small; as it could enter your mind to say: Since they are small and their initiation is their completion, let us even initiate their manufacture on the fourteenth ab initio . Therefore, it teaches us that even with regard to this type of labor, initiating is prohibited. This baraita does not provide an unequivocal resolution to the dilemma.

Segment 16

תָּא שְׁמַע. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כׇּל מְלָאכָה שֶׁהִיא לְצוֹרֶךְ הַמּוֹעֵד —

Come and hear the resolution to the dilemma from another source from another source. Rabbi Meir says: With regard to any labor that is for the purpose of the Festival,

Pesachim 55a

Pesachim 55a

Rashi

Tosafot

Rabbeinu Chananel

Meiri

Maharsha (Chidushei Halachot)

Maharam

Penei Yehoshua

Gilyon HaShas

What this page contains

Continue the sequence

Parallel sources

Lessons and study tools

Sages named on this page

Original text