Pesachim 118b

וְאַקְדִּיחַ מִבַּחוּץ, וְאֶעֱשֶׂה נֵס בְּתוֹךְ נֵס. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רֵד! בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה פָּתַח גַּבְרִיאֵל וְאָמַר: ״וֶאֱמֶת ה׳ לְעוֹלָם״.

and I will burn it from the outside, to consume those who threw the three righteous men into the furnace; and I will thereby perform a miracle within a miracle. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him: Descend. At that time Gabriel began praising God and recited: “And the truth of the Lord endures forever” (Psalms 117:2), as God fulfilled His promise to him from more than a thousand years earlier.

רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: ״וֶאֱמֶת ה׳ לְעוֹלָם״ — דָּגִים שֶׁבַּיָּם אֲמָרוּהוּ, כִּדְרַב הוּנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא: יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר מִקְּטַנֵּי אֲמָנָה הָיוּ, וְכִדְדָרֵשׁ רַבָּה בַּר מָרִי: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״וַיַּמְרוּ עַל יָם בְּיַם סוּף״ — מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהִמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה וְאָמְרוּ: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָנוּ עוֹלִין מִצַּד אֶחָד, כָּךְ מִצְרִיִּים עוֹלִים מִצַּד אַחֵר.

Rabbi Natan says: “And the truth of the Lord endures forever” was actually recited by the fish in the sea, in accordance with a statement of Rav Huna. As Rav Huna said: The Jewish people of that generation, during the Exodus, were of little faith. And this statement is as Rabba bar Mari taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “But they were rebellious at the sea, even at the Red Sea” (Psalms 106:7)? This teaches that the Jews rebelled against Moses at that time, and said: Perhaps, just as we are ascending from one side, so too the Egyptians are ascending from the other side, and we will not be saved.

אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְשַׂר שֶׁל יָם: פְּלוֹט אוֹתָן לַיַּבָּשָׁה! אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, כְּלוּם יֵשׁ עֶבֶד שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ רַבּוֹ מַתָּנָה וְחוֹזֵר וְנוֹטֵל מִמֶּנּוּ? אָמַר לוֹ: אֶתֵּן לָךְ אֶחָד וּמֶחֱצָה שֶׁבָּהֶן.

The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to the ministering angel of the sea: Spew out the dead Egyptians onto dry land. The sea said before Him: Master of the Universe, is there a servant whose master gives him a gift and then takes it from him? Since the dead Egyptians were given to me for my fish to eat, how can God retract His gift? He said to him: I will give you one and a half times their number. Although I am taking them back now, later I will give you one and a half times as many people.

אָמַר לוֹ: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, יֵשׁ עֶבֶד שֶׁתּוֹבֵעַ אֶת רַבּוֹ? אָמַר לוֹ: נַחַל קִישׁוֹן יְהֵא לִי עָרֵב. מִיָּד פָּלַט אוֹתָן לַיַּבָּשָׁה וּבָאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְרָאוּ אוֹתָן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת מִצְרַיִם מֵת עַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם״.

He said to him: Master of the Universe, can a servant issue a claim against his master for a gift promised to him? Who will be my guarantor? He said to him: The Kishon River will be a guarantor for Me. Immediately, the sea spewed them out onto the land, and the Jewish people came and saw that they were dead. As it is stated: “And Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the seashore” (Exodus 14:30).

מַאי אֶחָד וּמֶחֱצָה שֶׁבָּהֶן? דְּאִילּוּ בְּפַרְעֹה כְּתִיב: ״שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת רֶכֶב בָּחוּר״, וְאִילּוּ בְּסִיסְרָא כְּתִיב: ״תְּשַׁע מֵאוֹת רֶכֶב בַּרְזֶל״.

The Gemara asks: What is this one and a half times their number? How was God’s promise fulfilled? The Gemara answers: While, with regard to Pharaoh, it is written: “Six hundred chosen chariots” (Exodus 14:7), whereas, with regard to Sisera, it is written: “Nine hundred iron chariots” (Judges 4:13).

כִּי אֲתָא סִיסְרָא [אֲתָא עֲלַיְיהוּ בְּדִקְרֵי דְפַרְזְלָא, הוֹצִיא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֲלֵיהֶם כּוֹכָבִים מִמְּסִילּוֹתָם, דִּכְתִיב:] ״מִן שָׁמַיִם נִלְחָמוּ הַכּוֹכָבִים״. כֵּיוָן דִּנְחִיתוּ כּוֹכְבֵי שָׁמַיִם עֲלַיְיהוּ, אַקְדִּירוּ הָנֵי דִּקְרֵי דְפַרְזְלָא. נְחִיתוּ לְאַקְרוֹרֵי לְמִיסְחֵי נַפְשַׁיְיהוּ בְּנַחַל קִישׁוֹן,

The Gemara relates: When Sisera came to fight Israel, he came upon them with iron spears, whereupon the Holy One, Blessed be He, removed the stars from their orbits to fight against Sisera’s army, as it is written: “They fought from heaven, the stars in their courses fought against Sisera” (Judges 5:20). Since the stars fell on them, these iron spears heated up and they went to cool them and wash themselves in the Kishon River.

אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְנַחַל קִישׁוֹן: לֵךְ וְהַשְׁלֵם עֵרְבוֹנְךָ. מִיָּד גְּרָפָם נַחַל קִישׁוֹן וְהִשְׁלִיכָן לַיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״נַחַל קִישׁוֹן גְּרָפָם נַחַל קְדוּמִים״, מַאי ״נַחַל קְדוּמִים״? נַחַל שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה עָרֵב מִקֶּדֶם. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה פָּתְחוּ דָּגִים שֶׁל יָם וְאָמְרוּ: ״וֶאֱמֶת ה׳ לְעוֹלָם״.

At this point, the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to the Kishon River: Go and pay your guarantee that you issued to the ministering angel of the sea. Immediately, the Kishon River swept them away and cast them into the sea, as it is stated: “The Kishon River swept them away, that ancient river” (Judges 5:21). What is the meaning of the expression: “ancient river”? The Gemara explains: This is referring to the river that was appointed a guarantor from ancient times. At that time, the fish of the sea began praising God and recited: “And the truth of the Lord endures forever,” in reference to God’s fulfillment of the promise He issued centuries earlier.

אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״מוֹשִׁיבִי עֲקֶרֶת הַבַּיִת״ — אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, שָׂמוּנִי בָּנֶיךָ כְּחוּלְדָּה זוֹ הַדָּרָה בְּעִיקָּרֵי בָתִּים.

The Gemara cites more midrashim on the verses of hallel . Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Who makes the barren woman dwell in her house as a joyful mother of children, halleluya ” (Psalms 113:9)? The Congregation of Israel, i.e., the leaders of the Jewish people, said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, due to their sins, Your children treat me like this rat that dwells in the vaults of houses, barely able to find a place in the house.

דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אָהַבְתִּי כִּי יִשְׁמַע ה׳״ — אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם אֵימַת אֲנִי אֲהוּבָה לְפָנֶיךָ — בִּזְמַן שֶׁתִּשְׁמַע קוֹל תַּחֲנוּנַי. ״דַּלּוֹתִי וְלִי יְהוֹשִׁיעַ״ — אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדַּלָּה אֲנִי בְּמִצְוֹת, לְךָ אֲנִי וְלִי נָאֶה לְהוֹשִׁיעַ.

Rava taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “I love that the Lord should hear my voice and my supplications” (Psalms 116:1)? The Congregation of Israel said: Master of the Universe, when am I beloved by You, and I know that I am loved? When You hear the voice of my supplications. “I was brought low, and He saved me” (Psalms 116:6). The Congregation of Israel said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, although I am lowly in mitzvot, as I do not always fulfill them properly, I am Yours, and therefore it is fitting that I should be saved.

אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: כְּשֶׁחָלָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי, שָׁלַח לוֹ רַבִּי: אֱמוֹר לָנוּ שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ לָנוּ מִשּׁוּם אָבִיךָ.

Rav Kahana said: When Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, fell ill, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi sent a message to him: Tell us two or three matters that you said to us, citing your father.

שָׁלַח לוֹ: כָּךְ אָמַר אַבָּא, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״הַלְלוּ אֶת ה׳ כׇּל גּוֹיִם״, אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מַאי עֲבִידְתַּיְיהוּ? הָכִי קָאָמַר: ״הַלָּלוּ אֶת ה׳ כׇּל גּוֹיִם״ אַגְּבוּרוֹת וְנִפְלָאוֹת דְּעָבֵיד בַּהֲדַיְיהוּ, כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן אָנוּ דְּ״גָבַר עָלֵינוּ חַסְדּוֹ״.

He sent back to him: My father said as follows: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Praise the Lord, all you nations, laud Him all you peoples. For His mercy is great toward us, and the truth of the Lord endures forever, halleluya ” (Psalms 117)? What are the nations of the world doing by praising God for His great mercies toward Israel? Rabbi Yosei explained: Rather, this is what the verse is saying: “Praise the Lord, all you nations” for the mighty acts and the wonders that God performed before their eyes. All the more so we, the recipients of these acts, should praise and thank Him, as His mercy is great toward us.

וְעוֹד: עֲתִידָה מִצְרַיִם שֶׁתָּבִיא דּוֹרוֹן לַמָּשִׁיחַ. כְּסָבוּר, אֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל מֵהֶם. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַמָּשִׁיחַ: קַבֵּל מֵהֶם! אַכְסַנְיָא עָשׂוּ לְבָנַיי בְּמִצְרַיִם. מִיָּד: ״יֶאֱתָיוּ חַשְׁמַנִּים מִנִּי מִצְרָיִם״.

And furthermore, Rabbi Yishmael sent another of his father’s teachings to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: In the future, Egypt will bring a gift to the Messiah when all of the nations gather before him, as the verse says: “Out of Your temple at Jerusalem, where kings shall bring presents to you” (Psalms 68:30). The Messiah will think it appropriate not to accept gifts from them, as the Egyptians abused Israel. The Holy One, Blessed be He, will say to the Messiah: Accept their gifts from them, as they granted lodging to My children in Egypt. They lived there for many years before being enslaved. Immediately, “Nobles shall come out of Egypt” (Psalms 68:32).

נָשְׂאָה כּוּשׁ קַל וָחוֹמֶר בְּעַצְמָהּ: וּמָה הַלָּלוּ שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ בָּהֶן כָּךְ, אֲנִי שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁתַּעְבַּדְתִּי בָּהֶן לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: קַבֵּל מֵהֶם. מִיָּד ״כּוּשׁ תָּרִיץ יָדָיו לֵאלֹהִים״.

Upon seeing that Egypt’s gift has been accepted, Kush will want to bring a gift too. Kush will draw an a fortiori inference with regard to itself: Just as the gifts of these Egyptians were accepted despite the fact that they enslaved the Jewish people, all the more so is it not clear that a gift from me, who did not enslave them, should be accepted? The Holy One, Blessed be He, will say to the Messiah: Accept it from them. Immediately, “Kush shall hasten to stretch out her hands to God” (Psalms 68:32).

נָשְׂאָה מַלְכוּת (רוֹמִי) הָרְשָׁעָה קַל וָחוֹמֶר בְּעַצְמָהּ: וּמָה הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאֵין אֲחֵיהֶן כָּךְ, אָנוּ שֶׁאָנוּ אֲחֵיהֶן — לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן?! אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְגַבְרִיאֵל: ״גְּעַר חַיַּת קָנֶה״ — גְּעוֹר חַיָּה וּקְנֵה לְךָ עֵדָה.

After that, the wicked kingdom of Rome will draw an a fortiori inference with regard to itself: Just as the gifts of these, who are not their brothers, were accepted in this manner, we, the descendants of Edom, who are their brothers, all the more so is it not clear that our gifts will be accepted? The Holy One, Blessed be He, will say to Gabriel: “Rebuke the wild beast of the reeds [ kaneh ], the multitude of [ adat ] the bulls” (Psalms 68:31). Rebuke the beast and acquire [ keneh ] the congregation [ eda ] of Israel. The nation of Rome, which enslaved Israel in its current exile, is less worthy than the other two nations.

דָּבָר אַחֵר: ״גְּעוֹר חַיַּת קָנֶה״ שֶׁדָּרָה בֵּין הַקָּנִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״יְכַרְסְמֶנָּה חֲזִיר מִיָּעַר וְזִיז שָׂדַי יִרְעֶנָּה״.

Alternatively, the verse “Rebuke the wild beast of the reeds,” means rebuke the beast that dwells between the reeds, as it is written: “The pig out of the wood ravages it, and that which moves in the field feeds on it” (Psalms 80:14). This verse is referring to Edom, whose behavior is compared elsewhere to that of a pig.

אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: גְּעוֹר בְּחַיָּה שֶׁכׇּל מַעֲשֶׂיהָ נִכְתָּבִין בְּקוּלְמוֹס אֶחָד. ״עֲדַת אַבִּירִים בְּעֶגְלֵי עַמִּים״ — שֶׁשָּׁחֲטוּ אַבִּירִים כַּעֲגָלִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם בְּעָלִים.

Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said that the verse means: Rebuke the beast, all of whose actions are written with a single quill. Kaneh can mean a reed, or a quill. In other words, rebuke a nation that speaks of others in only one manner, for the worse. The verse continues: “The multitude of the bulls, with the calves of the peoples, everyone submitting himself with pieces of silver. He has scattered the peoples who delight in war” (Psalms 68:31). “The multitude of the bulls [ abirim ], with the calves of the peoples”; this is referring to Rome, who slaughtered mighty people [ abirim ] like ownerless calves.

״מִתְרַפֵּס בְּרַצֵּי כָסֶף״ — שֶׁפּוֹשְׁטִין יָד לְקַבֵּל מָמוֹן, וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹן בְּעָלִים. ״פִּיזַּר עַמִּים קְרָבוֹת יֶחְפָּצוּן״ — מִי גָּרַם לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיִּתְפַּזְּרוּ לְבֵין אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם? קְרִיבוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ חֲפֵצִין בָּהֶן.

“Everyone submitting himself with pieces of silver,” means that the officials of Rome open their hands to receive money as bribes or taxes, but actually they do not perform the will of their masters, as they cannot be trusted even in this regard. “He has scattered the peoples who delight in war”; what caused the Jewish people to be scattered among the nations of the world? The intimacies that they desired with them. Their exile among the nations was caused by their attraction to the customs and behavior of gentiles.

וְעוֹד שָׁלַח לוֹ: שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה שְׁוָוקִים בִּכְרַךְ גָּדוֹל שֶׁל רוֹמִי, וְכׇל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד (הָיוּ) [יֵשׁ] בּוֹ שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה בִּירָנִיּוֹת, וְכׇל בִּירָנִית וּבִירָנִית (הָיוּ בּוֹ) [יֵשׁ בָּהּ] שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וְשִׁשִּׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה מַעֲלוֹת, וְכׇל מַעֲלָה וּמַעֲלָה (הָיוּ בּוֹ) [יֵשׁ בָּהּ] כְּדֵי לָזוּן אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ.

And Rabbi Yishmael further sent to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: There were 365 markets in the great city of Rome, and each and every one of them contained 365 towers, and each and every tower contained 365 floors, and each and every floor contained enough food to sustain the entire world.

אָמַר רַבִּי (יִשְׁמָעֵאל) [שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרַבִּי] לְרַבִּי, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ (לְ)רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּר יוֹסֵי [לְרַבִּי]: הָנֵי לְמַן? לָךְ וּלְחַבְרָךְ וּלְחַבְרוּתָךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״סַחְרָהּ וְאֶתְנַנָּהּ קוֹדֶשׁ לַה׳ לֹא יֵאָצֵר וְלֹא יֵחָסֵן כִּי לַיּוֹשְׁבִים לִפְנֵי ה׳ יִהְיֶה וְגוֹ׳״.

Rabbi Yishmael also said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, and some say that he said it to Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: For whom did they store all this food? He replied: For you and your colleagues and the colleagues of your colleagues, i.e., for the Jewish people and their Sages, as it is stated: “Her grain and her hire shall be consecrated to the Lord; it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her gain shall be for those who dwell before the Lord, to eat their fill, and for stately clothing” (Isaiah 23:18).

מַאי ״לֹא יֵאָצֵר״? תָּנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: ״לֹא יֵאָצֵר״ — זֶה בֵּית אוֹצָר, ״וְלֹא יֵחָסֵן״ — זֶה בֵּית גְּנִיזָה. מַאי ״כִּי לַיּוֹשְׁבִים לִפְנֵי ה׳״? אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר:

The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the phrase: “It shall not be treasured”? Rav Yosef teaches: “It shall not be treasured,” this is referring to items brought into a storehouse; “nor laid up,” this means a treasury, where valuable items were stored behind guarded walls. What is the meaning of the phrase: “Who dwell before the Lord?” Rabbi Elazar said: